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Volume 18
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Article

Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data

by
Bayarmagnai Weinstein
1,2,
Alan R. da Silva
3,
Dimitrios E. Kouzoukas
4,5,
Tanima Bose
6,
Gwang Jin Kim
7,
Paola A. Correa
8,
Santhi Pondugula
9,
YoonJung Lee
10,
Jihoo Kim
11 and
David O. Carpenter
1,12,*
1
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, Rensselaer, New York, NY 12144, USA
2
Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Program, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
3
Department of Statistics, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
4
Research Service, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
5
Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
6
Institute for Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, 82152 Munich, Germany
7
Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
8
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
9
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
10
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
11
Department of Computer Science, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
12
Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 604; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020604
Submission received: 9 December 2020 / Revised: 5 January 2021 / Accepted: 8 January 2021 / Published: 12 January 2021
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Abstract

COVID-19 has severely impacted socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. To support pandemic control strategies, geographically weighted negative binomial regression (GWNBR) mapped COVID-19 risk related to epidemiological and socioeconomic risk factors using South Korean incidence data (20 January 2020 to 1 July 2020). We constructed COVID-19-specific socioeconomic and epidemiological themes using established social theoretical frameworks and created composite indexes through principal component analysis. The risk of COVID-19 increased with higher area morbidity, risky health behaviours, crowding, and population mobility, and with lower social distancing, healthcare access, and education. Falling COVID-19 risks and spatial shifts over three consecutive time periods reflected effective public health interventions. This study provides a globally replicable methodological framework and precision mapping for COVID-19 and future pandemics.
Keywords: COVID-19; pandemics; socioeconomic factors; spatial regression; South Korea COVID-19; pandemics; socioeconomic factors; spatial regression; South Korea

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MDPI and ACS Style

Weinstein, B.; da Silva, A.R.; Kouzoukas, D.E.; Bose, T.; Kim, G.J.; Correa, P.A.; Pondugula, S.; Lee, Y.; Kim, J.; Carpenter, D.O. Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020604

AMA Style

Weinstein B, da Silva AR, Kouzoukas DE, Bose T, Kim GJ, Correa PA, Pondugula S, Lee Y, Kim J, Carpenter DO. Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020604

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weinstein, Bayarmagnai, Alan R. da Silva, Dimitrios E. Kouzoukas, Tanima Bose, Gwang Jin Kim, Paola A. Correa, Santhi Pondugula, YoonJung Lee, Jihoo Kim, and David O. Carpenter. 2021. "Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020604

APA Style

Weinstein, B., da Silva, A. R., Kouzoukas, D. E., Bose, T., Kim, G. J., Correa, P. A., Pondugula, S., Lee, Y., Kim, J., & Carpenter, D. O. (2021). Precision Mapping of COVID-19 Vulnerable Locales by Epidemiological and Socioeconomic Risk Factors, Developed Using South Korean Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020604

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