Analysis of Traffic Crashes Caused by Motorcyclists Running Red Lights in Guangdong Province of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Risk Factors
2.3. Statistical Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Risk Factors Affecting Motorcyclists Running Red Lights
3.3. Factors for the Severity of Injuries in Red-Light-Running Crashes
4. Discussion
4.1. Red Light Violations and Injury Severity for Motorcyclists
4.2. Comparison Between Motorcyclists and Other Road Users
4.3. Policy Implications and Further Remarks
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Retting, R.A.; Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F.; Weinstein, H.B. Classifying urban crashes for countermeasure development. Accid. Anal. Prev. 1995, 27, 281–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, G.; Tan, Y.; Jou, R. Factors influencing traffic signal violations by car drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians: A case study from Guangdong, China. In Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour; Charlton, S., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2016; Volume 42, pp. 205–216. [Google Scholar]
- Kanitpong, K.; Jensupakarn, A.; Jensupakarn, P.; Jiwattanakulpaisarn, P. National Statistics of Traffic Accident in Thailand 2015; ThaiRoads Foundation: Bangkok, Thailand, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Yu, R.; Zhong, C. A field investigation of red-light-running in Shanghai, China. In Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology Behaviour; Charlton, S., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2016; Volume 37, pp. 144–153. [Google Scholar]
- Yan, F.; Li, B.; Zhang, W.; Hu, G. Red-light running rates at five intersections by road user in Changsha, China: An observational study. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2016, 95, 381–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, K.; Brunner, I.M.; Yamashita, E. Modeling violation of Hawaii’s crosswalk law. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2008, 40, 894–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, C.Y.H.; Loo, B.P.Y. Motorcycle safety among motorcycle taxi drivers and nonoccupational motorcyclists in developing countries: A case study of Maoming, South China. Traffic Inj. Prev. 2016, 17, 170–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, P.L.; Pai, C.W.; Jou, R.C.; Saleh, W.; Kuo, M.S. Exploring motorcycle red-light violation in response to pedestrian green signal countdown device. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2015, 75, 128–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jensupakarn, A.; Kanitpong, K. Influences of motorcycle rider and driver characteristics and road environment on red light running behavior at signalized intersections. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2018, 113, 317–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Levitt, S.; Porter, J. How dangerous are drinking drivers? J. Political Econ. 2001, 109, 1198–1237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Elvik, R.; Mysen, A. Incomplete accident reporting: Meta-analysis of studies made in 13 countries. Transp. Res. Rec. 1999, 1665, 133–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahmed, A.; Sadullah, A.F.M.; Yahya, A.S. Errors in accident data, its types, causes and methods of rectification-analysis of the literature. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2019, 130, 3–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, F.; Xu, P.; Zhou, H.; Chan, A.H.; Huang, H. Investigating injury severities of motorcycle riders: A two-step method integrating latent class cluster analysis and random parameters logit model. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2019, 131, 316–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, C.; Yao, L.; Zhang, K. The red-light running behavior of electric bike riders and cyclists at urban intersections in China: An observational study. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2012, 49, 186–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Long, K.; Liu, Y.; Han, L.D. Impact of countdown timer on driving maneuvers after the yellow onset at signalized intersections: An empirical study in Changsha, China. Saf. Sci. 2013, 54, 8–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scheneider, W.; Savolainen, P.; Zimmerman, K. Driver injury severity resulting from single-vehicle crashes along horizontal curves and rural two-lane highways. Transp. Res. Rec. 2012, 1, 85–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, W.; Yuan, Z.; Liu, Y.; Yang, X.; Yang, Y. A random parameter logit model of immediate red-light running behavior of pedestrians and cyclists at major-major intersections. J. Adv. Transp. 2019, 2019, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Variables | Motorcycle-Related Crashes (n = 5304) | Crashes Caused by Red Light Violations of Motorcyclists (n = 409) | Crashes Caused by Red Light Violations of Car Drivers (n = 435) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Proportion (%) | Frequency | Proportion (%) | Frequency | Proportion (%) | |
Signal violation | 409 | 7.7 | 409 | 1 | 435 | 1 |
Killed or seriously injured | 2031 | 38.3 | 180 | 44.0 | 126 | 29.0 |
(1) Gender | ||||||
Male | 4776 | 90.0 | 374 | 91.4 | 409 | 94.0 |
(2) Age | ||||||
≤24 | 1133 | 21.4 | 81 | 19.8 | 47 | 10.8 |
25–44 | 2988 | 56.3 | 241 | 58.9 | 322 | 74.0 |
45–59 | 982 | 18.5 | 76 | 18.6 | 65 | 15.0 |
≥60 | 201 | 3.8 | 11 | 2.7 | 1 | 0.2 |
(3) Residential registration | ||||||
Rural | 1818 | 34.3 | 129 | 31.5 | 60 | 13.8 |
(4) Occupation | ||||||
Farmer | 1296 | 24.4 | 76 | 18.6 | 22 | 5.0 |
The self-employed | 427 | 8.1 | 39 | 9.5 | 79 | 18.2 |
Worker | 1053 | 19.9 | 85 | 20.8 | 74 | 17.0 |
Migrant worker | 690 | 13.0 | 74 | 18.1 | 50 | 11.5 |
Unemployed | 236 | 4.4 | 21 | 5.1 | 10 | 2.3 |
Other occupations | 1602 | 30.2 | 114 | 27.9 | 143 | 32.9 |
(5) Whether motorcycles carry a passenger | ||||||
No passenger | 3576 | 67.4 | 273 | 66.7 | 279 | 64.1 |
(6) Whether motorcycles have number plates | ||||||
No number plates | 1539 | 29.0 | 120 | 29.3 | 7 | 1.6 |
(7) Vehicle safety condition | ||||||
Unfit | 394 | 7.4 | 17 | 4.2 | 16 | 3.7 |
(8) Vehicle driving status | ||||||
Straight | 4524 | 85.3 | 326 | 79.7 | 319 | 73.3 |
Turning left | 308 | 5.8 | 47 | 11.5 | 74 | 17.0 |
Turning right | 83 | 1.6 | 8 | 2.0 | 14 | 3.2 |
Others | 389 | 7.3 | 28 | 6.8 | 28 | 6.4 |
(9) Type of road | ||||||
First-class highways | 828 | 15.6 | 53 | 13.0 | 45 | 10.3 |
Second-class or below highways | 2223 | 41.9 | 167 | 40.8 | 118 | 27.1 |
General urban roads | 1663 | 31.4 | 164 | 40.1 | 208 | 47.8 |
Other urban roads | 590 | 11.1 | 25 | 6.1 | 64 | 14.7 |
(10) Type of junctions | ||||||
Fork | 441 | 8.3 | 31 | 7.6 | 27 | 6.2 |
Crossroads | 464 | 8.7 | 88 | 21.5 | 81 | 18.6 |
Others | 4399 | 83.0 | 290 | 70.9 | 327 | 75.2 |
(11) Whether there are physical barriers in roads | ||||||
No physical barriers | 3182 | 60.0 | 192 | 46.9 | 193 | 44.4 |
(12) Visibility | ||||||
Bad visibility | 525 | 9.9 | 37 | 9.0 | 39 | 9.0 |
(13) Street-light condition | ||||||
Daylight | 2938 | 55.4 | 218 | 53.3 | 212 | 48.7 |
Dark but lighted | 1527 | 28.8 | 167 | 40.8 | 204 | 46.9 |
Dark | 839 | 15.8 | 24 | 5.9 | 19 | 4.4 |
(14) Weather condition | ||||||
Bad weather condition | 1089 | 20.5 | 71 | 17.4 | 98 | 22.5 |
(15) Holiday | ||||||
Holiday | 381 | 7.2 | 30 | 7.3 | 31 | 7.1 |
(16) Day of the week | ||||||
Weekends | 1401 | 26.4 | 109 | 26.7 | 135 | 31.0 |
(17) Time of day | ||||||
Early morning | 804 | 15.2 | 64 | 15.6 | 98 | 22.5 |
Morning peak hours | 712 | 13.4 | 51 | 12.5 | 48 | 11.0 |
After work peak hours | 911 | 17.2 | 63 | 15.4 | 58 | 13.3 |
Others | 2877 | 54.2 | 231 | 56.5 | 231 | 53.1 |
(18) Year | ||||||
2006 | 922 | 17.4 | 108 | 26.4 | 107 | 24.6 |
2007 | 960 | 18.1 | 64 | 15.6 | 74 | 17.1 |
2008 | 1075 | 20.3 | 71 | 17.4 | 75 | 17.2 |
2009 | 1127 | 21.2 | 85 | 20.8 | 78 | 17.9 |
2010 | 1220 | 23.0 | 81 | 19.8 | 101 | 23.2 |
(19) Injured parts | ||||||
Head | 1390 | 26.2 | 101 | 24.7 | 15 | 3.4 |
Factors | Red Light Violations for Motorcyclists | Severe Casualties for Motorcyclists in Red-Light-Running Crashes | Severe Casualties for Car Drivers in Red-Light-Running Crashes |
---|---|---|---|
ORs (95% CI) | ORs (s.d.) (95% CI) | ORs (s.d.) (95% CI) | |
n | 5304 | 409 | 435 |
(1) Personal Factors | |||
Gender of rider (base: female) | |||
Male | 1.48 *** | 0.17 ** | |
[1.20, 1.82] | [0.04, 0.70] | ||
Age of rider (base: ≥60) | |||
≤24 | 1.61*** | 1.38 (35.53 *) | 7.11 ** |
[1.15, 2.26] | [0.16, 12.11] | [1.53, 33.05] | |
25–44 | 2.79 * | ||
[0.92, 8.45] | |||
Residential registration of rider (base: urban) | |||
Rural | 3.21 * | ||
[0.87, 11.80] | |||
Occupation of rider (base: farmer) | |||
The self-employed | 0.19 * | ||
[0.03, 1.36] | |||
Migrant worker | 1.23 * | ||
[1, 1.52] | |||
Worker | 0.14 ** | ||
[0.02, 0.97] | |||
Injured parts (base: others) | |||
Head | NA | 11.80 *** | |
[3.15, 44.15] | |||
(2) Vehicle factors | |||
Carry passenger (base: yes) | |||
No passenger | 1.18 ** | 0.33 *** | |
[1.04, 1.34] | [0.16, 0.71] | ||
Whether motorcycles have number plates (base: yes) | |||
No number plates | 0.88 * | ||
[0.77, 1.01] | |||
Vehicle safety condition (base: fit) | |||
Unfit | 1.25 ** | ||
[1.01, 1.56] | |||
Vehicle driving status (base: straight) | |||
Turning left | 1.52 *** | ||
[1.19, 1.93] | |||
Turning right | 1.71 ** | ||
[1.09, 2.68] | |||
Others | 10.24 *** | ||
[2.33, 44.95] | |||
(3) Road factors | |||
Type of road (base: first-class highways) | |||
Second-class or below highways | 1.29 *** | 1.35 (11.60*) | 6.06 ** |
[1.07, 1.54] | [0.40, 4.55] | [1.41, 26.12] | |
General urban roads | 1.22 | ||
[0.33, 4.59] | |||
Other urban roads | 1.23 * | 1.54 | |
[0.97, 1.56] | [0.33, 7.26] | ||
Type of junction (base: others) | |||
Fork | 0.62 *** | ||
[0.50, 0.78] | |||
Crossroads | 0.62 *** | ||
[0.50, 0.78] | |||
(4) Environmental factors | |||
Visibility (base: others) | |||
Poor visibility | 3.28 * | 3.15 ** | |
[0.91, 11.87] | [1.14, 8.66] | ||
Street-light condition (base: dark) | |||
Daylight | 0.57 *** | 0.22 * | 0.85 (73.51 **) |
[0.48, 0.69] | [0.04, 1.15] | [0.09, 8.31] | |
Dark but lighted | 0.75 *** | 2.45 | |
[0.62, 0.91] | [0.54, 11.15] | ||
Weather condition (base: others) | |||
Bad weather condition | 0.29 ** | ||
[0.09, 0.92] | |||
Holiday (base: others) | |||
Holiday | 0.13 * | ||
[0.02, 1.04] | |||
Time of day (base: others) | |||
Early morning | 1.27 *** | 0.35 * | |
[1.07, 1.51] | [0.11, 1.12] | ||
Morning peak hours | |||
After work peak hours | 0.16 *** | ||
[0.04, 0.62] | |||
log likelihood | −3371.41 | −219.13 | −214.66 |
AIC | 6814.83 | 516.27 | 511.31 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhang, G.; Tan, Y.; Zhong, Q.; Hu, R. Analysis of Traffic Crashes Caused by Motorcyclists Running Red Lights in Guangdong Province of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020553
Zhang G, Tan Y, Zhong Q, Hu R. Analysis of Traffic Crashes Caused by Motorcyclists Running Red Lights in Guangdong Province of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020553
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Guangnan, Ying Tan, Qiaoting Zhong, and Ruwei Hu. 2021. "Analysis of Traffic Crashes Caused by Motorcyclists Running Red Lights in Guangdong Province of China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020553