Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Spanish University Students: Role of Gender
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Development and Promotion
2.2. Survey Dimension
2.2.1. Sociodemographic, Academic and Anthropometric Data
2.2.2. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis of Participants
3.2. Changes in the Whole Sample
3.3. Gender-Related Differences
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in the Whole Sample
4.2. Gender-Related Differences
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Overall | Women | Men |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) * | n = 13,754 | n = 8960 | n = 4728 |
22.8 (5.3) | 22.6 (4.9) | 23.2 (5.8) | |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2), mean (SD) * | n = 13,623 | n = 8859 | n = 4699 |
22.6 (3.3) | 22.0 (3.3) | 23.5 (3.1) | |
Academic degree, n (%) * | n = 13,753 | n = 8959 | n = 4728 |
Bachelor’s degree | 11,360 (82.6) | 7484 (83.5) | 3819 (80.8) |
Master’s degree | 1322 (9.6) | 803 (9.0) | 513 (10.9) |
PhD | 995 (7.2) | 613 (6.8) | 379 (8.0) |
Other | 76 (0.6) | 59 (0.7) | 17 (0.4) |
Branch of knowledge, n (%) * | n = 13,629 | n = 8860 | n = 4704 |
Arts and Humanities | 1315 (9.6) | 1055 (11.9) | 243 (5.2) |
Engineering and Architecture | 3238 (23.8) | 1334 (15.1) | 1890 (40.2) |
Experimental sciences | 1346 (9.9) | 851 (9.6) | 489 (10.4) |
Health sciences | 3612 (26.5) | 2869 (32.4) | 730 (15.5) |
Social and Legal sciences | 3303 (24.2) | 2441 (27.6) | 847 (18.0) |
Physical Activity and Sports sciences | 815 (6.0) | 310 (3.5) | 505 (10.7) |
Housing type, n (%) * | n = 13,577 | n = 8848 | n = 4645 |
Apartment in multi-storey building | 8819 (65.1) | 5823 (65.8) | 2946 (63.4) |
Semi-detached house | 2480 (18.3) | 1575 (17.8) | 896 (19.3) |
Isolated family house | 2258 (16.7) | 1450 (16.4) | 803 (17.3) |
Coexistence at home, n (%) * | n = 13,741 | n = 8951 | n = 4724 |
Parents | 3663 (26.7) | 2366 (26.4) | 1277 (27.0) |
Parents and siblings | 6348 (46.2) | 4141 (46.3) | 2180 (46.1) |
Partner | 935 (6.8) | 692 (7.7) | 235 (5.0) |
Roommates | 1501 (10.9) | 957 (10.7) | 537 (11.4) |
Alone | 458 (3.3) | 261 (2.9) | 196 (4.1) |
Other | 836 (6.1) | 534 (6.0) | 299 (6.3) |
Coexistence in unit size, n (%) * | n = 13,703 | n = 8933 | n = 4705 |
1 person | 429 (3.1) | 229 (2.6) | 197 (4.2) |
2 people | 1904 (13.9) | 1331 (14.9) | 562 (11.9) |
3 people | 3878 (28.3) | 2513 (28.1) | 1346 (28.6) |
4 people | 5557 (40.6) | 3631 (40.6) | 1904 (40.5) |
≥5 people | 1935 (14.1) | 1229 (13.8) | 696 (14.8) |
COVID-19 related information, n (%) | |||
Self-reported symptoms | n = 13,734 | n = 8947 | n = 4721 |
846 (6.2) | 535 (6.0) | 302 (6.4) | |
Diagnosed by health professional | n = 13,718 | n = 8936 | n = 4716 |
95 (0.7) | 61 (0.7) | 32 (0.7) | |
Coexistence at home with affected | n = 13,741 | n = 8953 | n = 4722 |
427 (3.1) | 264 (2.9) | 161 (3.4) |
Variable | Before the Confinement | During the Confinement | Change | Student’s Paired T Test (p) | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPAQ-SF | |||||
Vigorous PA (min/week) | 327 (374) | 267 (309) | −18.3% | <0.001 | 0.113 |
Moderate PA (min/week) | 376 (563) | 265 (408) | −29.5% | <0.001 | 0.210 |
Walking time (min/week) | 766 (820) | 120 (318) | −84.3% | <0.001 | 1.340 |
Sedentary time (min/day) | 357 (178) | 545 (200) | +52.7% | <0.001 | 0.998 |
Exercise | |||||
Aerobic (min/week) | 208 (240) | 143 (179) | −31.3% | <0.001 | 0.277 |
Strength (min/week) | 136 (189) | 135 (171) | −0.1% | <0.001 | 0.048 |
HIIT (min/week) | 66 (125) | 78 (145) | +18.2% | <0.001 | 0.142 |
Mind-body (min/week) | 40 (105) | 72 (143) | +80.0% | <0.001 | 0.361 |
Sports (min/week) | 95 (193) | 12 (68) | −87.4% | <0.001 | 0.582 |
Screen time | |||||
Leisure (min/day) | 217 (140) | 373 (202) | +71.9% | <0.001 | 1.244 |
Study, work (min/day) | 251 (149) | 344 (165) | +37.1% | <0.001 | 0.587 |
Variable | n (%) |
---|---|
Intensity, aerobic (n = 13,183) | |
Same as before | 2493 (18.9) |
Higher than before | 3929 (29.8) |
Lower than before | 6761 (51.3) |
Intensity, strength (n = 13,412) | |
Same as before | 3480 (25.9) |
Higher than before | 4722 (35.2) |
Lower than before | 5210 (38.8) |
Intensity, HIIT (n = 12,819) | |
Same as before | 5046 (39.4) |
Higher than before | 3904 (30.5) |
Lower than before | 3869 (30.2) |
Enjoyment when exercising (n = 13,367) | |
Same as before | 3660 (27.4) |
Higher than before | 3627 (27.1) |
Lower than before | 6080 (45.5) |
Available spaces for exercising (n = 13,754) | |
Room, hallways | 8833 (64.2) |
Living room | 6523 (47.4) |
Courtyard | 1043 (7.6) |
Garden/Exterior free space | 2928 (21.3) |
Other | 1696 (12.3) |
Tools used for exercising (n = 13,754) | |
Equipment for aerobic exercise | 3617 (26.3) |
Equipment for strength exercises | 7198 (52.3) |
Active videogames | 1001 (7.3) |
Computer applications | 2776 (20.2) |
TV programs | 724 (5.3) |
Social networks | 8790 (63.9) |
Reasons to exercise (n = 13,754) | |
It is important for my health | 10,231 (74.4) |
It is important to my image | 5769 (41.9) |
It helps me against stress and anxiety | 8876 (64.5) |
I spend more time sitting | 4305 (31.3) |
I have more time to exercise | 4768 (34.7) |
I have found different resources | 3013 (21.9) |
My food intake is higher | 2447 (17.8) |
My environment pushes me to it | 1252 (9.1) |
Reasons not to exercise (n = 13,754) | |
It is not a priority for me | 639 (4.6) |
I cannot go out and do my usual exercise | 1282 (9.3) |
I do not know how to exercise at home | 368 (2.7) |
I have no material resources | 768 (5.6) |
I do not have enough space | 986 (7.2) |
I have less time to exercise | 1050 (7.6) |
My health state prevents me | 209 (1.5) |
Variable | Women | Men | ANCOVA g × t (p) † | η2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B.C. | D.C. | Change | B.C. | D.C. | Change | |||
IPAQ-SF | ||||||||
Vigorous PA (m/w) ‡ | 296 (372) | 269 (319) | −9.1% | 386 (371) | 263 (290) ¶ | −31.9% | <0.001 | 0.020 |
Moderate PA (m/w) ‡§ | 385 (575) | 290 (420) ¶ | −24.7% | 359 (538) | 218 (382) ¶ | −39.3% | <0.001 | 0.009 |
Walking time (m/w) ‡§ | 803 (845) | 122 (310) ¶ | −84.8% | 697 (764) | 117 (332) ¶ | −83.2% | <0.001 | 0.003 |
Sedentary time (m/d) ‡§ | 353 (175) | 535 (197) ¶ | +51.6% | 364 (184) | 563 (205) ¶ | +54.7% | <0.001 | 0.002 |
Exercise | ||||||||
Aerobic (m/w) ‡§ | 196 (229) | 157 (179) ¶ | −19.9% | 230 (256) | 119 (177) ¶ | −48.3% | <0.001 | 0.032 |
Strength (m/w) ‡§ | 109 (174) | 120 (161) ¶ | +10.1% | 187 (205) | 162 (185) ¶ | −13.4% | <0.001 | 0.011 |
HIIT (m/w) ‡§ | 62 (122) | 82 (151) ¶ | +32.3% | 72 (131) | 72 (132) | ±0.0% | <0.001 | 0.007 |
Mind-body (m/w) ‡§ | 45 (114) | 87 (155) ¶ | +93.3% | 30 (84) | 43 (111) ¶ | +43.3% | <0.001 | 0.021 |
Sports (m/w) ‡§ | 68 (169) | 10 (63) ¶ | −85.3% | 145 (224) | 15 (76) ¶ | −89.7% | <0.001 | 0.057 |
Screen time | ||||||||
Leisure (m/d) § | 216 (141) | 366 (200) ¶ | +69.4% | 219 (138) | 387 (204) | +76.7% | <0.001 | 0.003 |
Study, work (m/d) ‡§ | 256 (149) | 349 (165) ¶ | +36.3% | 243 (149) | 334 (165) ¶ | +37.4% | 0.369 | <0.001 |
Variable | Women | Men | χ2 (p) | Phi/Cramer’s V |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intensity, aerobic | n = 8610 | n = 4510 | ||
Same as before | 1561 (18.1) | 917 (20.3) | <0.001 | 0.200 |
Higher than before | 3132 (36.4) | 787 (17.5) | ||
Lower than before | 3917 (45.5) | 2806 (62.2) | ||
Intensity, strength | n = 8735 | n = 4612 | ||
Same as before | 2459 (28.2) | 1000 (21.7) | <0.001 | 0.120 |
Higher than before | 3251 (37.2) | 1455 (31.5) | ||
Lower than before | 3025 (34.6) | 2157 (46.8) | ||
Intensity, HIIT | n = 8365 | n = 4393 | ||
Same as before | 3288 (39.3) | 1730 (39.4) | <0.001 | 0.108 |
Higher than before | 2809 (33.6) | 1084 (24.7) | ||
Lower than before | 2268 (27.1) | 1579 (35.9) | ||
Enjoyment when exercising | n = 8704 | n = 4597 | ||
Same as before | 2422 (27.8) | 1219 (26.5) | <0.001 | 0.221 |
Higher than before | 2925 (33.6) | 690 (15.0) | ||
Lower than before | 3357 (38.6) | 2688 (58.5) | ||
Available spaces for exercising | n = 8960 | n = 4728 | ||
Room, hallways | 5778 (64.5) | 3009 (63.6) | 0.327 | 0.008 |
Living room | 4684 (52.3) | 1812 (38.3) | <0.001 | 0.133 |
Courtyard | 615 (6.9) | 425 (9.0) | <0.001 | 0.038 |
Garden, exterior free space | 1955 (21.8) | 967 (20.5) | 0.064 | 0.016 |
Other | 980 (10.9) | 709 (15.0) | <0.001 | 0.059 |
Tools used for exercising | n = 8960 | n = 4728 | ||
Equipment for aerobic exercise | 2314 (25.8) | 1295 (27.4) | 0.048 | 0.017 |
Equipment for strength exercises | 4396 (49.1) | 2777 (58.7) | <0.001 | 0.092 |
Active videogames | 691 (7.7) | 304 (6.4) | 0.006 | 0.023 |
Computer applications | 1912 (21.3) | 853 (18.0) | <0.001 | 0.039 |
TV programs | 584 (6.5) | 135 (2.9) | <0.001 | 0.078 |
Social networks | 6860 (76.6) | 1893 (40.0) | <0.001 | 0.362 |
Reasons to exercise | n = 8960 | n = 4728 | ||
It is important for my health | 6603 (73.7) | 3590 (75.9) | 0.004 | 0.024 |
It is important to my image | 3748 (41.8) | 2002 (42.3) | 0.563 | 0.005 |
It helps me against stress and anxiety | 6044 (67.5) | 2795 (59.1) | <0.001 | 0.083 |
I spend more time sitting | 3071 (34.3) | 1212 (25.6) | <0.001 | 0.089 |
I have more time to exercise | 3466 (38.7) | 1284 (27.2) | <0.001 | 0.115 |
I have found different resources | 2438 (27.2) | 559 (11.8) | <0.001 | 0.177 |
My food intake is higher | 1787 (19.9) | 652 (13.8) | <0.001 | 0.076 |
My environment pushes me to it | 859 (9.6) | 390 (8.2) | 0.010 | 0.022 |
Reasons not to exercise | n = 8960 | n = 4728 | ||
It is not a priority for me | 378 (4.2) | 256 (5.4) | 0.002 | 0.037 |
I cannot go out and do my usual exercise | 643 (7.2) | 627 (13.3) | <0.001 | 0.027 |
I do not know how to exercise at home | 223 (2.5) | 143 (3.0) | 0.065 | 0.100 |
I have no material resources | 387 (4.3) | 374 (7.9) | <0.001 | 0.016 |
I do not have enough space | 589 (6.6) | 387 (8.2) | <0.001 | 0.075 |
I have less time to exercise | 688 (7.7) | 349 (7.4) | 0.532 | 0.030 |
My state of health prevents me | 145 (1.6) | 61 (1.3) | 0.134 | 0.005 |
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Rodríguez-Larrad, A.; Mañas, A.; Labayen, I.; González-Gross, M.; Espin, A.; Aznar, S.; Serrano-Sánchez, J.A.; Vera-Garcia, F.J.; González-Lamuño, D.; Ara, I.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Spanish University Students: Role of Gender. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020369
Rodríguez-Larrad A, Mañas A, Labayen I, González-Gross M, Espin A, Aznar S, Serrano-Sánchez JA, Vera-Garcia FJ, González-Lamuño D, Ara I, et al. Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Spanish University Students: Role of Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020369
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Larrad, Ana, Asier Mañas, Idoia Labayen, Marcela González-Gross, Ander Espin, Susana Aznar, José Antonio Serrano-Sánchez, Francisco J. Vera-Garcia, Domingo González-Lamuño, Ignacio Ara, and et al. 2021. "Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in Spanish University Students: Role of Gender" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020369