Age and Cultural Differences in Recognitions of Emotions from Masked Faces among Koreans and Americans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Stimuli
2.3. Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Checking Assumption
3.2. Investigating Research Questions
3.2.1. Comparisons of Participants’ Accuracies to Recognize the Senders’ Facially Expressed Emotions between No Mask and Mask Conditions for Participant Age Groups
3.2.2. Comparisons of the Participants’ Accuracy Difference Indexes across Participant Age Groups (Research Question 1)
3.2.3. Comparisons of the Participants’ Accuracies to Recognize the Senders’ Facially Expressed Emotions between No Mask and Mask Conditions for Participant Nationality Groups
3.2.4. Comparisons of the Participants’ Accuracy Difference Indexes between Participant Nationality Groups (Research Question 2)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nationality | Gender | 20s | 30s | 40s | 50s | Over 60 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Korean | Male | 38 (25.44) 1 | 27 (33.40) | 28 (45.14) | 14 (55.14) | 13 (64.53) |
Female | 35 (24.74) | 39 (34.33) | 17 (46.11) | 19 (55.52) | 10 (64.00) | |
Total | 73 (25.11) | 66 (33.95) | 45 (45.51) | 33 (55.36) | 23 (64.30) | |
American | Male | 38 (26.39) | 42 (34.28) | 19 (44.10) | 24 (54.50) | 21 (69.52) |
Female | 31 (26.25) | 36 (33.50) | 18 (43.44) | 21 (53.66) | 23 (65.91) | |
Total | 69 (26.33) | 78 (33.92) | 37 (43.78) | 45 (54.11) | 44 (67.63) |
Emotion 1 | 20s (n = 142) | 30s (n = 144) | 40s (n = 82) | 50s (n = 78) | Over 60 (n = 67) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | |
Anger (SD) | 1.14 (0.69) | 1.28 (0.76) | 1.49 (0.62) | 1.28 (0.67) | 1.45 (0.66) | 1.23 (0.70) | 1.46 (0.69) | 1.35 (0.70) | 1.32 (0.66) | 1.17 (0.69) |
t(141) = 1.92, p = 0.05 | t(143) = −3.15, p < 0.005 | t(81) = −2.48, p < 0.05 | t(77) = −1.27, p = 0.20 | t(66) = −1.42, p = 0.15 | ||||||
Disgust (SD) | 1.43 (0.66) | 0.78 (0.67) | 1.34 (0.68) | 0.84 (0.68) | 1.50 (0.59) | 0.87 (0.72) | 1.43 (0.67) | 0.85 (0.67) | 1.50 (0.63) | 0.89 (0.65) |
t(141) = −9.53, p < 0.001 | t(143) = −7.20, p < 0.001 | t(81)= −6.81, p < 0.001 | t(77) = −5.46, p < 0.001 | t(66) = −6.28, p < 0.001 | ||||||
Fear (SD) | 0.67 (0.68) | 0.38 (0.54) | 0.85 (0.76) | 0.36 (0.57) | 0.80 (0.82) | 0.35 (0.52) | 1.12 (0.70) | 0.51 (0.63) | 1.13 (0.81) | 0.85 (0.70) |
t(141) = −5.16, p < 0.001 | t(143) = −8.84, p < 0.001 | t(81) = −5.18, p < 0.001 | t(77) = −7.69, p < 0.001 | t(66) = −2.99, p < 0.005 | ||||||
Sadness (SD) | 1.47 (0.67) | 1.20 (0.66) | 1.56 (0.57) | 1.18 (0.75) | 1.57 (0.58) | 1.25 (0.68) | 1.57 (0.59) | 1.19 (0.62) | 1.61 (0.54) | 1.19 (0.76) |
t(141) = −4.18, p < 0.001 | t(143) = −6.10, p < 0.001 | t(81) = −4.73, p < 0.001 | t(77) = −3.96, p < 0.001 | t(66) = −3.77, p < 0.001 | ||||||
Happiness (SD) | 1.87 (0.33) | 1.57 (0.59) | 1.93 (0.24) | 1.61 (0.55) | 1.95 (0.21) | 1.60 (0.62) | 1.93 (0.24) | 1.44 (0.61) | 2.00 (0.00) | 1.32 (0.58) |
t(141) = −6.65, p < 0.001 | t(143) = −7.13, p < 0.001 | t(81) = −4.61, p < 0.001 | t(77) = −6.52, p < 0.001 | t(66) = −9.35, p < 0.001 | ||||||
Surprise (SD) | 1.80 (0.39) | 1.66 (0.51) | 1.83 (0.39) | 1.72 (0.49) | 1.89 (0.31) | 1.82 (0.40) | 1.89 (0.30) | 1.75 (0.51) | 1.86 (0.34) | 1.79 (0.40) |
t(141) = −3.26, p < 0.005 | t(143) = −2.26, p < 0.05 | t(81) = −1.14, p = 0.25 | t(77) = −2.47, p < 0.05 | t(66) = −1.15, p = 0.25 |
Emotion 1 | 20s (n = 142) | 30s (n = 144) | 40s (n = 82) | 50s (n = 78) | Over 60 (n = 67) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anger (SD) | −0.14 (0.87)a | 0.20 (0.79)b | 0.21 (0.80)c | 0.10 (0.71)d | 0.14 (0.85)e |
F(4, 508) = 4.22, p < 0.005; a < b = c, p < 0.05 | |||||
Disgust (SD) | 0.64 (0.80)a | 0.50 (0.84)b | 0.62 (0.82)c | 0.57 (0.93)d | 0.61 (0.79)e |
F(4, 508) = 0.56, p = 0.68 | |||||
Fear (SD) | 0.29 (0.68)a | 0.49 (0.66)b | 0.45 (0.78)c | 0.61 (0.70)d | 0.28 (0.77)e |
F(4, 508) = 3.57, p < 0.01; a < d, p < 0.05 | |||||
Sadness (SD) | 0.26 (0.76)a | 0.37 (0.73)b | 0.31 (0.60)c | 0.38 (0.85)d | 0.41 (0.90)e |
F(4, 508) = 0.64, p = 0.63 | |||||
Happiness (SD) | 0.29 (0.52)a | 0.31 (0.53)b | 0.34 (0.67)c | 0.48 (0.65)d | 0.67 (0.58)e |
F(4, 508) = 6.01, p < 0.001; a = b = c < e, p < 0.005 | |||||
Surprise (SD) | 0.14 (0.51)a | 0.10 (0.55)b | 0.06 (0.48)c | 0.14 (0.50)d | 0.07 (0.53)e |
F(4, 508) = 0.45, p = 0.76 |
Emotion 1 | Korean (n = 240) | American (n = 273) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | |
Anger (SD) | 1.21 (0.70) | 1.08 (0.72) | 1.49 (0.63) | 1.43 (0.66) |
t(239) = −2.13, p < 0.05 | t(272) = −1.29, p = 0.19 | |||
Disgust (SD) | 1.19 (0.69) | 0.75 (0.65) | 1.64 (0.54) | 0.91 (0.69) |
t(239) = −7.80, p < 0.001 | t(272) = −15.05, p < 0.001 | |||
Fear (SD) | 0.39 (0.61) | 0.11 (0.32) | 1.29 (0.63) | 0.74 (0.64) |
t(239) = −7.11, p < 0.001 | t(272) = −11.56, p < 0.001 | |||
Sadness (SD) | 1.30 (0.64) | 1.11 (0.68) | 1.76 (0.47) | 1.28 (0.71) |
t(239) = −3.63, p < 0.001 | t(272) = −10.97, p < 0.001 | |||
Happiness (SD) | 1.92 (0.26) | 1.77 (0.46) | 1.93 (0.24) | 1.33 (0.62) |
t(239) = −5.15, p < 0.001 | t(272) = −15.67, p < 0.001 | |||
Surprise (SD) | 1.85 (0.35) | 1.77 (0.45) | 1.84 (0.36) | 1.71 (0.50) |
t(239) = −2.26, p < 0.05 | t(272) = −4.38, p < 0.001 |
Emotion 1 | Korean (n = 240) | American (n = 273) |
---|---|---|
Anger (SD) | 0.12 (0.90) | 0.05 (0.74) |
t(463.67) 2 = 0.89, p = 0.36 | ||
Disgust (SD) | 0.43 (0.86) | 0.72 (0.79) |
t(511) = −3.99, p < 0.001 | ||
Fear (SD) | 0.27 (0.60) | 0.54 (0.78) |
t(503.17) 2 = −4.38, p < 0.001 | ||
Sadness (SD) | 0.18 (0.78) | 0.48 (0.72) |
t(511) = −4.50, p < 0.001 | ||
Happiness (SD) | 0.15 (0.45) | 0.59 (0.62) |
t(491.68) 2 = −9.32, p < 0.001 | ||
Surprise (SD) | 0.07 (0.51) | 0.13 (0.52) |
t(511) = −1.39, p = 0.16 |
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Kang, J.; Kang, S.; Jeong, E.; Kim, E.-H. Age and Cultural Differences in Recognitions of Emotions from Masked Faces among Koreans and Americans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910555
Kang J, Kang S, Jeong E, Kim E-H. Age and Cultural Differences in Recognitions of Emotions from Masked Faces among Koreans and Americans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910555
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Jungsuk, Seonwoo Kang, Eunbyeol Jeong, and Eun-Ho Kim. 2021. "Age and Cultural Differences in Recognitions of Emotions from Masked Faces among Koreans and Americans" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910555