Factors Associated with the Work Engagement of Employees Working from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Assessment of Employees’ Work Engagement
2.3. Exposure Variables
2.4. Assessment of Confounders
2.5. Sample Characteristics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Working from Home (−) | Working from Home (+) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | p Value | ||
Total | 15,670 (100.0) | N = 11,894 | N = 3776 | ||
Age | 45.6 (13.8) | 46.1 (13.9) | 43.9 (13.1) | <0.001 | |
Gender, male | 9137 (58.3) | 6598 (55.5) | 2539 (67.2) | <0.001 | |
Marital status | Married | 9351 (59.7) | 7010 (58.9) | 2341 (62.0) | <0.001 |
Never married | 4926 (31.4) | 3725 (31.3) | 1201 (31.8) | ||
Widowed | 258 (1.6) | 215 (1.8) | 43 (1.1) | ||
Separated | 1135 (7.2) | 944 (7.9) | 191 (5.1) | ||
Number of members per household | 2.8 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.5) | 2.7 (2.1) | 0.13 | |
Shoulder pain | Yes | 7492 (47.8) | 5451 (45.8) | 2041 (54.1) | <0.001 |
Back pain | Yes | 5817 (37.1) | 4305 (36.2) | 1512 (40.0) | <0.001 |
Mental disorders | Yes | 5736 (36.6) | 4209 (35.4) | 1527 (40.4) | <0.001 |
Healthy behavior | |||||
Physical activity | Decreased | 4085 (26.1) | 2754 (23.2) | 1331 (35.2) | <0.001 |
Unchanged | 9972 (63.6) | 8106 (68.2) | 1866 (49.4) | ||
Increased | 1613 (10.3) | 1034 (8.7) | 579 (15.3) | ||
Sleeping hours | Decreased | 1666 (10.6) | 933 (7.8) | 733 (19.4) | <0.001 |
Unchanged | 12,436 (79.4) | 9809 (82.5) | 2627 (69.6) | ||
Increased | 1568 (10.0) | 1152 (9.7) | 416 (11.0) | ||
Not eating breakfast | Increased | 721 (4.6) | 448 (3.8) | 273 (7.2) | <0.001 |
Unchanged | 13,744 (87.7) | 10,648 (89.5) | 3096 (82.0) | ||
Decreased | 1205 (7.7) | 798 (6.7) | 407 (10.8) | ||
Drinking alcohol | Increased | 1642 (10.5) | 1065 (9.0) | 577 (15.3) | <0.001 |
Unchanged | 10,871 (69.4) | 8736 (73.4) | 2135 (56.5) | ||
Decreased | 3157 (20.1) | 2093 (17.6) | 1064 (28.2) | ||
Smoking | Increased | 667 (4.3) | 423 (3.6) | 244 (6.5) | <0.001 |
Unchanged | 13,720 (87.6) | 10,561 (88.8) | 3159 (83.7) | ||
Decreased | 1283 (8.2) | 910 (7.7) | 373 (9.9) | ||
Interacting | |||||
With supervisors | Worse | 1292 (8.2) | 930 (7.8) | 362 (9.6) | <0.001 |
Unchanged | 13,780 (87.9) | 10,584 (89.0) | 3196 (84.6) | ||
Better | 598 (3.8) | 380 (3.2) | 218 (5.8) | ||
With co-workers | Worse | 1105 (7.1) | 797 (6.7) | 308 (8.2) | <0.001 |
Unchanged | 13,963 (89.1) | 10,710 (90.0) | 3253 (86.1) | ||
Better | 602 (3.8) | 387 (3.3) | 215 (5.7) | ||
Working hours | ≤40 h/week | 10,842 (69.2) | 7810 (65.7) | 3032 (80.3) | <0.001 |
Kind of job | Office work | 7670 (48.9) | 4988 (41.9) | 2682 (71.0) | <0.001 |
Work in sales | 3842 (24.5) | 2981 (25.1) | 861 (22.8) | ||
Physical labor | 4158 (26.5) | 3925 (33.0) | 233 (6.2) | ||
Socioeconomic status | |||||
Education | >12 y | 11,771 (75.1) | 8462 (71.1) | 3309 (87.6) | <0.001 |
Household income | −2.99 | 2129 (13.6) | 1858 (15.6) | 271 (7.2) | <0.001 |
(million JPY/year) | 3.00–7.99 | 7486 (47.8) | 5763 (48.5) | 1723 (45.6) | |
8.00- | 3641 (23.2) | 2274 (19.1) | 1367 (36.2) | ||
Unknown | 2414 (15.4) | 1999 (16.8) | 415 (11.0) | ||
Employee status | Permanent | 9837 (62.8) | 6880 (57.8) | 2957 (78.3) | <0.001 |
Precarious | 4277 (27.3) | 3757 (31.6) | 520 (13.8) | ||
Other | 1556 (9.9) | 1257 (10.6) | 299 (7.9) | ||
Work engagement * | high | 6874 (43.9) | 5204 (43.8) | 1670 (44.2) | <0.001 |
Work engagement (sensitivity analysis) ** | high | 9327 (59.5) | 6949 (58.4) | 2378 (63.0) | <0.001 |
Univariable | Multivariable | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | p Value | PR | 95% CI | p Value | ||
Age (per 10 years) | 1.04 | 1.00–1.09 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.09 | 0.01 | |
Gender (male/female) | 1.04 | 0.94–1.15 | 0.5 | 1.07 | 0.95–1.2 | 0.21 | |
Marital status | Married | Reference | Reference | ||||
Never married | 0.80 | 0.72–0.9 | <0.001 | 0.85 | 0.75–0.97 | 0.02 | |
Widowed | 1.39 | 0.95–2.02 | <0.001 | 1.14 | 0.77–1.68 | 0.51 | |
Separated | 1.00 | 0.81–1.24 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.84–1.17 | 0.73 | |
Shoulder pain (Yes/No) | 0.98 | 0.89–1.08 | 0.72 | 1.06 | 0.95–1.13 | 0.32 | |
Back pain (Yes/No) | 1.16 | 1.05–1.28 | <0.001 | 1.06 | 0.94–1.17 | 0.34 | |
Mental disorders (Yes/No) | 1.43 | 1.29–1.58 | <0.001 | 1.33 | 1.18–1.50 | <0.001 | |
Health behavior | |||||||
Physical activity | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.81 | 0.71–0.83 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.75–1.00 | 0.04 | |
Decreased | 0.81 | 0.71–0.84 | <0.001 | 0.87 | 0.75–1.00 | 0.06 | |
Sleeping hours | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.81 | 0.72–0.91 | <0.001 | 0.81 | 0.72–0.92 | <0.001 | |
Decreased | 0.67 | 0.55–0.86 | <0.001 | 0.72 | 0.59–0.88 | <0.001 | |
Not eating breakfast | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.87 | 0.73–0.91 | 0.12 | 0.67 | 0.5–0.9 | 0.008 | |
Decreased | 1.03 | 0.83–1.28 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.63–1.26 | 0.53 | |
Drinking alcohol | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.98 | 0.80–1.19 | 0.82 | 1.06 | 0.92–1.24 | 0.41 | |
Decreased | 1.09 | 0.86–1.39 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 0.91–1.26 | 0.44 | |
Smoking | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.98 | 0.82–1.18 | 0.86 | 1.02 | 0.82–1.26 | 0.89 | |
Decreased | 0.89 | 0.72–1.11 | 0.3 | 1.02 | 0.79–1.32 | 0.65 | |
Interacting | |||||||
With supervisors | Worse | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 1.49 | 1.23–1.81 | <0.001 | 1.24 | 0.98–1.57 | 0.07 | |
Better | 2.12 | 1.65–2.7 | <0.001 | 1.61 | 1.17–2.22 | <0.001 | |
With co-workers | Worse | Reference | Reference | 1.2 | |||
Unchanged | 1.49 | 1.21–1.89 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 0.93–1.59 | 0.16 | |
Better | 1.4 | 1.58–2.68 | 0.02 | 1.31 | 0.93–1.83 | 0.12 | |
Working hours | <40 h/week | Reference | Reference | ||||
≥40 h/week | 0.75 | 0.67–0.87 | <0.001 | 0.84 | 0.74–0.95 | 0.01 | |
Socioeconomic status | |||||||
Education (≤12 y/>12 y) | 1.19 | 1.08–1.31 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.84–1.13 | 0.73 | |
Household income (million JPY/year) | −2.99 | Reference | Reference | ||||
3.00–7.99 | 0.85 | 0.71–1.02 | 0.09 | 0.94 | 0.77–1.15 | 0.54 | |
8.00- | 0.99 | 0.82–1.19 | 0.9 | 1.05 | 0.85–1.31 | 0.63 | |
Unknown | 0.89 | 0.71–1.11 | 0.3 | 0.94 | 0.74–1.19 | 0.60 | |
Employee status | Permanent | Reference | Reference | ||||
Precarious | 1.06 | 0.93–1.22 | 0.19 | 0.98 | 0.84–1.15 | 0.85 | |
Other | 1.47 | 1.26–1.71 | <0.001 | 1.27 | 1.07–1.52 | 0.01 |
Univariable | Multivariable | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | p Value | PR | 95% CI | p Value | ||
Age (per 10 years) | 1.04 | 1.00–1.09 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 1.00–1.09 | <0.001 | |
Gender (male/female) | 1.04 | 0.94–1.15 | 0.5 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.15 | 0.42 | |
Marital status | Married | Reference | Reference | ||||
Never married | 0.8 | 0.72–0.87 | <0.001 | 0.91 | 0.84–1.02 | 0.09 | |
Widowed | 1.39 | 0.95–2.02 | 0.09 | 1.05 | 0.74–1.48 | 0.80 | |
Separated | 1.00 | 0.81–1.24 | 0.97 | 0.89 | 0.82–1.2 | 0.94 | |
Shoulder pain (Yes/No) | 1.19 | 1.08–1.31 | <0.001 | 0.98 | 0.89–1.08 | 0.72 | |
Back pain (Yes/No) | 1.16 | 1.05–1.28 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 0.94–1.14 | 0.41 | |
Mental disorders (Yes/No) | 1.43 | 1.29–1.58 | <0.001 | 1.21 | 1.10–1.34 | <0.001 | |
Health behavior | |||||||
Physical activity | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.81 | 0.71–0.93 | <0.001 | 0.93 | 0.82–1.05 | 0.22 | |
Decreased | 0.81 | 0.71–0.99 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.85–1.09 | 0.56 | |
Sleeping hours | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.81 | 0.72–0.91 | <0.001 | 0.91 | 0.82–1.02 | 0.1 | |
Decreased | 0.67 | 0.55–0.81 | <0.001 | 0.96 | 0.76–1.04 | 0.14 | |
Not eating breakfast | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.87 | 0.73–1.04 | 0.12 | 1.01 | 0.85–1.20 | 0.88 | |
Decreased | 1.03 | 0.83–1.28 | 0.8 | 1.03 | 0.84–1.26 | 0.71 | |
Drinking alcohol | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 1 | 0.87–1.14 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.84–1.07 | 0.39 | |
Decreased | 1.01 | 0.89–1.18 | 0.9 | 1.02 | 0.89–1.16 | 0.8 | |
Smoking | Increased | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 0.98 | 0.80–1.19 | 0.82 | 0.98 | 0.82–1.18 | 0.86 | |
Decreased | 1.09 | 0.86–1.1 | 0.49 | 0.89 | 0.72–1.11 | 0.3 | |
Interacting | |||||||
With supervisors | Worse | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 1.49 | 1.23–1.82 | <0.001 | 1.25 | 1.03–1.51 | 0.02 | |
Better | 2.12 | 1.65–2.72 | <0.001 | 1.21 | 0.92–1.61 | 0.7 | |
With co-workers | Worse | Reference | Reference | ||||
Unchanged | 1.49 | 1.21–1.89 | <0.001 | 1.1 | 0.9–1.35 | 0.36 | |
Better | 2.06 | 1.58–2.69 | <0.001 | 1.4 | 1.05–1.87 | 0.02 | |
Working hours | <40 h/week | Reference | Reference | ||||
≥40 h/week | 0.78 | 0.67–0.87 | <0.001 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.05 | 0.3 | |
Socioeconomic status | |||||||
Education (≤12 y/>12 y) | 0.91 | 0.79–1.05 | 0.09 | 1.02 | 0.9–1.16 | 0.72 | |
Household income (million JPY/year) | −2.99 | Reference | Reference | ||||
3.00–7.99 | 0.97 | 0.83–1.15 | 0.76 | 1.01 | 0.85–1.2 | 0.91 | |
8.00- | 1.10 | 0.93–1.29 | 0.81 | 1.09 | 0.9–1.31 | 0.62 | |
Unknown | 0.93 | 0.76–1.13 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.74–1.12 | 0.37 | |
Employee status | Permanent | Reference | Reference | ||||
Precarious | 1.06 | 0.93–1.22 | 0.39 | 0.97 | 0.85–1.11 | 0.69 | |
Other | 1.47 | 1.26–1.71 | <0.001 | 1.22 | 1.05–1.42 | 0.01 |
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Amano, H.; Fukuda, Y.; Shibuya, K.; Ozaki, A.; Tabuchi, T. Factors Associated with the Work Engagement of Employees Working from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910495
Amano H, Fukuda Y, Shibuya K, Ozaki A, Tabuchi T. Factors Associated with the Work Engagement of Employees Working from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910495
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmano, Hoichi, Yoshiharu Fukuda, Katsuhiko Shibuya, Akihiko Ozaki, and Takahiro Tabuchi. 2021. "Factors Associated with the Work Engagement of Employees Working from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910495