E-Cigarette Use, Systemic Inflammation, and Depression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. E-Cigarette Users
2.2. Reference Group
2.3. Depression
2.4. Inflammation
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n | Weighted % |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
18–34 years | 1536 | 31.39 |
35–64 years | 2461 | 51.92 |
≥65 years | 964 | 16.69 |
Sex | ||
Male | 2043 | 42.98 |
Female | 2918 | 57.02 |
Race | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 1595 | 63.77 |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1011 | 10.49 |
Mexican American/Other Hispanic | 1402 | 15.78 |
Other Races, including Multi-Racial | 953 | 9.96 |
Poverty Status | ||
Below 100% poverty | 959 | 12.07 |
Less than 200% poverty to 100% poverty | 1261 | 18.52 |
200%+ poverty guidelines | 2741 | 69.4 |
Body Mass Index | ||
Underweight (<18.5) | 77 | 1.73 |
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 1338 | 27.58 |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1554 | 30.71 |
Obese (30+) | 1992 | 39.98 |
Current E-Cigarette Use | ||
Yes | 443 | 10.15 |
No | 4518 | 89.85 |
Current E-Cigarette Use Categories | ||
Exclusive E-Cigarette Users | 110 | 1.92 |
Former Smoker E-Cigarette Users | 92 | 2.6 |
Dual Users | 241 | 5.63 |
Non-Smoking, Never-Vaping Persons | 4518 | 89.85 |
Variable | Weighted % Depressed; Unadjusted Depression (OR, 95% CI) | Weighted % of Current E-cigarette Users; Unadjusted Current E-Cigarette Users (OR, 95% CI) | Weighted % with CRP ≥ 8.0 mg/L; Unadjusted CRP ≥ 8.0 mg/L (OR, 95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Depression PHQ Score | |||
<10 | 9.0%; Ref | 9.4%; Ref | |
≥10 | 27.3%; 3.78 (2.59, 5.52) | 15.3%; 1.75 (1.24, 2.46) | |
Current E-cigarette User | |||
No | 5.0%; Ref | 9.8%; Ref | |
Yes | 16.7%; 3.78 (2.59, 5.52) | 9.2%; 0.93 (0.55, 1.57) | |
CRP Level | |||
<8.0 mg/L serum CRP | 5.8%; Ref | 10.2%; Ref | |
≥8.0 mg/L serum CRP | 9.8%; 1.75 (1.24, 2.46) | 9.6%; 0.93 (0.55, 1.57) | |
Sex | |||
Male | 5.0%; Ref | 14.3%; Ref | 6.6%; Ref |
Female | 7.1%; 1.46 (1.05, 2.02) | 7.0%; 0.45 (0.35, 0.60) | 12.1%; 1.96 (1.53, 2.50) |
Race | |||
NH White | 5.9%; Ref | 10.8%; Ref | 8.9%; Ref |
NH Black | 6.8%; 1.16 (0.84, 1.59) | 9.9%; 0.91 (0.66, 1.24) | 14.2%; 1.69 (1.30, 2.21) |
Hispanic | 6.5%; 1.11 (0.69, 1.79) | 7.3%; 0.64 (0.49, 0.85) | 11.7%; 1.35 (1.12, 1.64) |
Other | 7.2%; 1.23 (0.67, 2.26) | 10.6%; 0.97 (0.62, 1.54) | 7.2%; 0.79 (0.53, 1.17) |
Poverty Status | |||
200%+ poverty guidelines | 4.4%; Ref | 8.1%; Ref | 8.4%; Ref |
Less than 200% poverty to 100% poverty | 8.8%; 2.11 (1.50, 2.98) | 13.1%; 1.71 (1.13, 2.58) | 12.1%; 1.50 (1.12, 2.01) |
Below 100% poverty | 12.8%; 3.22 (2.45, 4.24) | 17.2%; 2.35 (1.64, 3.37) | 13.7%; 1.73 (1.30, 2.30) |
BMI | |||
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 5.5%; Ref | 10.9; Ref | 2.9%; Ref |
Underweight (<18.5) | 12.2%; 2.40 (0.49, 11.78) | 22.9%; 2.43 (1.27, 4.65) | 6.5%; 2.32 (0.47, 11.47) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 4.9%; 0.88 (0.63, 1.25) | 8.9%; 0.80 (0.58, 1.11) | 4.9%; 1.74 (0.95, 3.20) |
Obese (30+) | 7.5%; 1.41 (1.00, 1.97) | 10.0%; 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) | 18.3%; 7.52 (4.22, 13.39) |
Variable | Main Effect Model | Simple Slopes Models | |
---|---|---|---|
Unstratified CRP (OR, 95% CI) b | CRP < 8.0 mg/L (OR, 95% CI) b | CRP ≥ 8.0 mg/L (OR, 95% CI) b | |
Current E-Cigarette User | |||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 3.61 (2.43, 5.36) | 3.37 (2.06, 5.51) | 6.70 (2.48, 18.11) |
Sex | |||
Male | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female | 1.59 (1.16, 2.18) | 1.45 (1.08, 1.93) | 2.77 (0.59, 12.99) |
Poverty Status | |||
200%+ poverty guidelines | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Less than 200% poverty to 100% poverty | 1.86 (1.30, 2.66) | 2.01 (1.38, 2.93) | 1.04 (0.30, 3.61) |
Below 100% poverty | 2.69 (2.03, 3.56) | 2.48 (1.82, 3.38) | 3.16 (1.09, 9.10) |
BMI | |||
Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Underweight (<18.5) | 1.78 (0.27, 11.76) | 1.88 (0.25, 14.20) | 4.07 (0.10, 168.40) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) | 0.94 (0.63, 1.40) | 6.49 (0.69, 60.64) |
Obese (30+) | 1.41 (0.97, 2.07) | 1.20 (0.81, 1.79) | 17.84 (2.18, 146.35) |
Variable | Main Effect Model | Simple Slopes Models | |
---|---|---|---|
Whole Sample (OR, 95% CI) | CRP < 8.0 mg/L (OR, 95% CI) | CRP ≥ 8.0 mg/L (OR, 95% CI) | |
All Current E-Cigarette Users a | |||
Unadjusted | 3.78 (2.59, 5.52) | 3.54 (2.24, 5.61) | 6.06 (2.41, 15.21) |
Adjusted | 3.61 (2.43, 5.36) | 3.37 (2.06, 5.51) | 6.70 (2.48, 18.11) |
Exclusive E-Cigarette Users | |||
Unadjusted | 2.69 (1.23, 5.89) | 2.14 (0.87, 5.23) | 6.00 (1.15, 31.27) |
Adjusted | 2.40 (1.10, 5.26) | 1.91 (0.78, 4.69) | 5.09 (1.44, 18.02) b |
Dual Users | |||
Unadjusted | 4.76 (2.99, 7.57) | 4.56 (2.65, 7.84) | 6.64 (2.49, 17.68) |
Adjusted | 4.50 (2.70, 7.48) | 4.31 (2.35, 7.89) | 7.37 (1.85, 29.41) c |
Former Smokers Using E-Cigarettes Exclusively | |||
Unadjusted | 2.67 (1.40, 5.07) | 2.58 (1.12, 5.91) | 4.47 (0.53, 37.79) |
Adjusted | 2.78 (1.38, 5.59) | 2.78 (1.16, 6.69) | 4.92 (0.46, 52.32) d |
Interaction | Full Model |
---|---|
Whole Sample (OR, 95% CI), p-Value | |
CRP X Current E-Cigarette Use a | |
Unadjusted | 1.71 (0.52, 5.57), 0.361 |
Adjusted | 1.45 (0.41, 5.05), 0.552 |
CRP X Exclusive E-Cigarette Use | |
Unadjusted | 2.80 (0.43, 18.31), 0.670 |
Adjusted | 2.43 (0.38, 15.47), 0.998 |
CRP X Dual User | |
Unadjusted | 1.46 (0.43, 4.98), 0.670 |
Adjusted | 1.29 (0.34, 4.88), 0.998 |
CRP X Former Smoker Using E-Cigarettes Exclusively | |
Unadjusted | 1.73 (0.13, 23.64), 0.670 |
Adjusted | 1.00 (0.72, 2.03), 0.998 |
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Farrell, K.R.; Karey, E.; Xu, S.; Gibbon, G.; Gordon, T.; Weitzman, M. E-Cigarette Use, Systemic Inflammation, and Depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910402
Farrell KR, Karey E, Xu S, Gibbon G, Gordon T, Weitzman M. E-Cigarette Use, Systemic Inflammation, and Depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(19):10402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910402
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarrell, Kayla Rae, Emma Karey, Shu Xu, Grace Gibbon, Terry Gordon, and Michael Weitzman. 2021. "E-Cigarette Use, Systemic Inflammation, and Depression" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19: 10402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910402