An Exploration of Domain-Specific Sedentary Behaviors in College Students by Lifestyle Factors and Sociodemographics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sedentary Behavior Time across Domains
3.2. Sedentary Time and Other Health Variables
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wilmot, E.G.; Edwardson, C.L.; Achana, F.A.; Davies, M.J.; Gorely, T.; Gray, L.J.; Khunti, K.; Yates, T.; Biddle, S.J.H. Sedentary Time in Adults and the Association with Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Death: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diabetologia 2012, 55, 2895–2905. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beunza, J.J.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Ebrahim, S.; Bes-Rastrollo, M.; Nunez, J.; Martinez, J.A.; Alonso, A. Sedentary Behaviors and the Risk of Incident Hypertension: The SUN Cohort. Am. J. Hypertens. 2007, 20, 1156–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brocklebank, L.A.; Falconer, C.L.; Page, A.S.; Perry, R.; Cooper, A.R. Accelerometer-Measured Sedentary Time and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: A Systematic Review. Prev. Med. 2015, 76, 92–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- van der Berg, J.D.; Stehouwer, C.D.A.; Bosma, H.; van der Velde, J.H.P.M.; Willems, P.J.B.; Savelberg, H.H.C.M.; Schram, M.T.; Sep, S.J.S.; van der Kallen, C.J.H.; Henry, R.M.A.; et al. Associations of Total Amount and Patterns of Sedentary Behaviour with Type 2 Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Maastricht Study. Diabetologia 2016, 59, 709–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Matthews, C.E.; Chen, K.Y.; Freedson, P.S.; Buchowski, M.S.; Beech, B.M.; Pate, R.R.; Troiano, R.P. Amount of Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviors in the United States, 2003–2004. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 167, 875–881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. College Enrollment and Work Activity of High School Graduates News Release; Division of Labor Force Statistics: Washington, DC, USA, 2020.
- Castro, O.; Bennie, J.; Vergeer, I.; Bosselut, G.; Biddle, S.J.H. How Sedentary Are University Students? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Prev. Sci. 2020, 21, 332–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castro, O.; Bennie, J.; Vergeer, I.; Bosselut, G.; Biddle, S.J.H. Correlates of Sedentary Behaviour in University Students: A Systematic Review. Prev. Med. 2018, 116, 194–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gordon-Larsen, P.; Nelson, M.C.; Popkin, B.M. Longitudinal Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Trends. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2004, 27, 277–283. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Healy, G.N.; Matthews, C.E.; Dunstan, D.W.; Winkler, E.A.H.; Owen, N. Sedentary Time and Cardio-Metabolic Biomarkers in US Adults: NHANES 2003-06. Eur. Heart J. 2011, 32, 590–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bellettiere, J.; Winkler, E.A.H.; Chastin, S.F.M.; Kerr, J.; Owen, N.; Dunstan, D.W.; Healy, G.N. Associations of Sitting Accumulation Patterns with Cardio-Metabolic Risk Biomarkers in Australian Adults. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0180119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Healy, G.N.; Clark, B.K.; Winkler, E.A.H.; Gardiner, P.A.; Brown, W.J.; Matthews, C.E. Measurement of Adults’ Sedentary Time in Population-Based Studies. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 41, 216–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cohen, S.S.; Matthews, C.E.; Signorello, L.B.; Schlundt, D.G.; Blot, W.J.; Buchowski, M.S. Sedentary and Physically Active Behavior Patterns among Low-Income African-American and White Adults Living in the Southeastern United States. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e59975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bowman, S.A. Television-Viewing Characteristics of Adults: Correlations to Eating Practices and Overweight and Health Status. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2006, 3, 11. [Google Scholar]
- Garcia, J.M.; Duran, A.T.; Schwartz, J.E.; Booth, J.N.; Hooker, S.P.; Willey, J.Z.; Cheung, Y.K.; Park, C.; Williams, S.K.; Sims, M.; et al. Types of Sedentary Behavior and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Blacks: The Jackson Heart Study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2019, 8, e010406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fountaine, C.J.; Liguori, G.A.; Mozumdar, A.; Schuna, J.M., Jr. Physical Activity and Screen Time Sedentary Behaviors in College Students. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 2011, 4, 102–112. [Google Scholar]
- Tremblay, M.S.; LeBlanc, A.G.; Kho, M.E.; Saunders, T.J.; Larouche, R.; Colley, R.C.; Goldfield, G.; Gorber, S. Systematic Review of Sedentary Behaviour and Health Indicators in School-Aged Children and Youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brunetti, V.C.; O’Loughlin, E.K.; O’Loughlin, J.; Constantin, E.; Pigeon, É. Screen and Nonscreen Sedentary Behavior and Sleep in Adolescents. Sleep Health 2016, 2, 335–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Costigan, S.A.; Barnett, L.; Plotnikoff, R.C.; Lubans, D.R. The Health Indicators Associated with Screen-Based Sedentary Behavior among Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review. J. Adolesc. Health 2013, 52, 382–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hale, L.; Guan, S. Screen Time and Sleep among School-Aged Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review. Sleep Med. Rev. 2015, 21, 50–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Serrano-Sanchez, J.A.; Martí-Trujillo, S.; Lera-Navarro, A.; Dorado-García, C.; González-Henríquez, J.J.; Sanchís-Moysi, J. Associations between Screen Time and Physical Activity among Spanish Adolescents. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e24453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hume, C.; Singh, A.; Brug, J.; van Mechelen, W.; Chinapaw, M. Dose-Response Associations between Screen Time and Overweight among Youth. Int. J. Pediatr. Obes. 2009, 4, 61–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maher, C.; Olds, T.S.; Eisenmann, J.C.; Dollman, J. Screen Time Is More Strongly Associated than Physical Activity with Overweight and Obesity in 9- to 16-Year-Old Australians: Overweight in Adolescents-Screen Time or Physical Activity? Acta Paediatr. 2012, 101, 1170–1174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stiglic, N.; Viner, R.M. Effects of Screentime on the Health and Well-Being of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Reviews. BMJ Open 2019, 9, e023191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nightingale, C.M.; Rudnicka, A.R.; Donin, A.S.; Sattar, N.; Cook, D.G.; Whincup, P.H.; Owen, C.G. Screen Time Is Associated with Adiposity and Insulin Resistance in Children. Arch. Dis. Child. 2017, 102, 612–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vallance, J.K.; Buman, M.P.; Stevinson, C.; Lynch, B.M. Associations of Overall Sedentary Time and Screen Time with Sleep Outcomes. Am. J. Health Behav. 2015, 39, 62–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aadahl, M.; Andreasen, A.H.; Hammer-Helmich, L.; Buhelt, L.; Jørgensen, T.; Glümer, C. Recent Temporal Trends in Sleep Duration, Domain-Specific Sedentary Behaviour and Physical Activity. A Survey among 25–79-Year-Old Danish Adults. Scand. J. Public Health 2013, 41, 706–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chau, J.Y.; Grunseit, A.; Midthjell, K.; Holmen, J.; Holmen, T.L.; Bauman, A.E.; van der Ploeg, H.P. Cross-Sectional Associations of Total Sitting and Leisure Screen Time with Cardiometabolic Risk in Adults. Results from the HUNT Study, Norway. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2014, 17, 78–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vella, C.A.; Taylor, K.; Nelson, M.C. Associations of Leisure Screen Time with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in College-Aged Adults. J. Behav. Med. 2020, 43, 1014–1025. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Felez-Nobrega, M.; Bort-Roig, J.; Briones, L.; Sanchez-Niubo, A.; Koyanagi, A.; Puigoriol, E.; Puig-Ribera, A. Self-Reported and ActivPALTM-Monitored Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour in College Students: Not All Sitting Behaviours Are Linked to Perceived Stress and Anxiety. J. Sports Sci. 2020, 38, 1566–1574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hargens, T.A.; Scott, M.C.; Olijar, V.; Bigman, M.; Edwards, E.S. Markers of Poor Sleep Quality Increase Sedentary Behavior in College Students as Derived from Accelerometry. Sleep Breath. 2021, 25, 537–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peterson, N.E.; Sirard, J.R.; Kulbok, P.A.; DeBoer, M.D.; Erickson, J.M. Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity of Young Adult University Students. Res. Nurs. Health 2018, 41, 30–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenberg, D.E.; Norman, G.J.; Wagner, N.; Patrick, K.; Calfas, K.J.; Sallis, J.F. Reliability and Validity of the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) for Adults. J. Phys. Act. Health 2010, 7, 697–705. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Unick, J.L.; Lang, W.; Tate, D.F.; Bond, D.S.; Espeland, M.A.; Wing, R.R. Objective Estimates of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time among Young Adults. J. Obes. 2017, 2017, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dinger, M.K.; Behrens, T.K.; Han, J.L. Validity and Reliability of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in College Students. Am. J. Health Educ. 2006, 37, 337–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Craig, C.L.; Marshall, A.L.; Sjöström, M.; Bauman, A.E.; Booth, M.L.; Ainsworth, B.E.; Pratt, M.; Ekelund, U.; Yngve, A.; Sallis, J.F.; et al. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2003, 35, 1381–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- The IPAQ Group Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-Short Form. Available online: https://www.physio-pedia.com/images/c/c7/Quidelines_for_interpreting_the_IPAQ.pdf (accessed on 8 February 2021).
- Buysse, D.J.; Reynolds, C.F.; Monk, T.H.; Berman, S.R.; Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A New Instrument for Psychiatric Practice and Research. Psychiatry Res. 1989, 28, 193–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Memon, A.R.; Gupta, C.C.; Crowther, M.E.; Ferguson, S.A.; Tuckwell, G.A.; Vincent, G.E. Sleep and Physical Activity in University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sleep Med. Rev. 2021, 58, 101482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, S.; Kamarck, T.; Mermelstein, R. A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1983, 24, 385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- CDC All about Adult BMI. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html (accessed on 4 February 2021).
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences; Laurence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Buckworth, J.; Nigg, C. Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sedentary Behavior in College Students. J. Am. Coll. Health 2004, 53, 28–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chrisman, M.S.; Wright, R.; Purdy, W. College Classroom Instructors Can Effectively Promote Standing among Students Provided with Standing Desks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moulin, M.S.; Prapavessis, H.; Tucker, P.; Irwin, J.D. Using Mixed-Method Feasibility Studies to Examine the Impact of a Mobile Standing Desk on Undergraduates’ Sedentary Time. J. Am. Coll. Health 2021, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Joubert, L.; Kilgas, M.; Riley, A.; Gautam, Y.; Donath, L.; Drum, S. In-Class Cycling to Augment College Student Academic Performance and Reduce Physical Inactivity: Results from an RCT. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2017, 14, 1343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Thompson, S.H.; Lougheed, E. Frazzled by Facebook? An Exploratory Study of Gender Differences in Social Network Communication among Undergraduate Men and Women. Coll. Stud. J. 2012, 46, 88–98. [Google Scholar]
- Christensen, M.A.; Bettencourt, L.; Kaye, L.; Moturu, S.T.; Nguyen, K.T.; Olgin, J.E.; Pletcher, M.J.; Marcus, G.M. Direct Measurements of Smartphone Screen-Time: Relationships with Demographics and Sleep. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0165331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Babey, S.H.; Hastert, T.A.; Wolstein, J. Adolescent Sedentary Behaviors: Correlates Differ for Television Viewing and Computer Use. J. Adolesc. Health 2013, 52, 70–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sirin, S.R. Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research. Rev. Educ. Res. 2005, 75, 417–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Stephens, N.M.; Markus, H.R.; Fryberg, S.A. Social Class Disparities in Health and Education: Reducing Inequality by Applying a Sociocultural Self Model of Behavior. Psychol. Rev. 2012, 119, 723–744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pascarella, E.T.; Pierson, C.T.; Wolniak, G.C.; Terenzini, P.T. First-Generation College Students: Additional Evidence on College Experiences and Outcomes. J. High. Educ. 2004, 75, 249–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ross, C.E.; Mirowsky, J. The Interaction of Personal and Parental Education on Health. Soc. Sci. Med. 2011, 72, 591–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Howell, A.J.; Jahrig, J.C.; Powell, R.A. Sleep Quality, Sleep Propensity and Academic Performance. Percept. Mot. Ski. 2004, 99, 525–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orzech, K.M.; Salafsky, D.B.; Hamilton, L.A. The State of Sleep among College Students at a Large Public University. J. Am. Coll. Health 2011, 59, 612–619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marshall, A.; Miller, Y.; Burton, N.; Brown, W. Measuring Total and Domain-Specific Sitting: A Study of Reliability and Validity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 1, 1094–1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Besson, H.; Brage, S.; Jakes, R.W.; Ekelund, U.; Wareham, N.J. Estimating Physical Activity Energy Expenditure, Sedentary Time, and Physical Activity Intensity by Self-Report in Adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 106–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Nelson, M.C.; Taylor, K.; Vella, C.A. Comparison of Self-Reported and Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in Undergraduate Students. Meas. Phys. Educ. Exerc. Sci. 2019, 23, 237–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barone Gibbs, B.; Hergenroeder, A.L.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Lee, I.-M.; Jakicic, J.M. Definition, Measurement, and Health Risks Associated with Sedentary Behavior. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2015, 47, 1295–1300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kononova, A.G.; Yuan, S. Take a Break: Examining College Students’ Media Multitasking Activities and Motivations during Study- or Work-Related Tasks. J. Mass Commun. Educ. 2017, 72, 183–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bakker, E.A.; Hartman, Y.A.W.; Hopman, M.T.E.; Hopkins, N.D.; Graves, L.E.F.; Dunstan, D.W.; Healy, G.N.; Eijsvogels, T.M.H.; Thijssen, D.H.J. Validity and Reliability of Subjective Methods to Assess Sedentary Behaviour in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2020, 17, 75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ekelund, U.; Luan, J.; Sherar, L.B.; Esliger, D.W.; Griew, P.; Cooper, A. International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators, for the Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Time and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents. JAMA 2012, 307, 704–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Demographic and Lifestyle Factors | |
---|---|
Sex | |
Female | 216 (79%) |
Male | 56 (21%) |
Age (M ± SD) | 20.0 ± 1.5 years |
Mean Body Mass Index (M ± SD) | 22.9 ± 3.8 kg/m2 |
Body Mass Index Category, n (%) | |
Under weight (BMI < 19) | 17 (6%) |
Normal weight (19 ≤ BMI > 25) | 194 (71%) |
Overweight (25 ≤ BMI > 30) | 48 (18%) |
Obese (BMI ≥30) | 13 (5%) |
Race, n (%) | |
White | 232 (85%) |
Minority a | 40 (15%) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |
Not Hispanic | 263 (97%) |
Hispanic | 9 (3%) |
College, n (%) | |
Arts & Sciences | 23 (9%) |
Business | 5 (2%) |
Hospitality, Retail and Sport Management | 101 (37%) |
Nursing | 21 (10%) |
Public Health | 115 (42%) |
Class Standing, n (%) | |
Freshman | 31 (12%) |
Sophomore | 71 (26%) |
Junior | 88 (32%) |
Senior | 82 (30%) |
Number of Parents who Attended College, n (%) | |
Zero | 34 (13%) |
One | 72 (26%) |
Two | 166 (61%) |
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory Score (M ± SD) | 6.2 ± 2.8 |
Perceived Stress Scale Score (M ± SD) | 17.8 ± 6.2 |
International Physical Activity Questionnaire derived MET Minutes/Week (Interquartile Range [IQR]) | |
Low/Moderate Levels of Physical Activity | 547.7 [817] |
High Levels of Physical Activity | 2513.7 [1901] |
Hours of Self-Reported Daily Sedentary Time (Mean ± SD) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Screen Time | Education | Social | |
Sex | ||||
Male (n = 56) Female (n = 216) | 12.5 ± 6.0 | 4.2 ± 2.4 | 3.1 ± 2.0 | 2.3 ± 1.5 * |
12.7 ± 5.5 | 4.5 ± 2.9 | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 3.2 ± 2.2 | |
Race | ||||
White (n = 232) Minority (n = 40) | 12.1 ± 5.3 * | 4.2 ± 2.5 * | 3.3 ± 2.1 * | 3.0 ± 2.1 |
15.7 ± 6.5 | 6.1 ± 3.8 | 4.1 ± 2.5 | 3.1 ± 2.3 | |
Parent College | ||||
Neither or one attended (n = 106) Both attended (n = 166) | 13.6 ± 5.9 * | 4.9 ± 3.1 | 3.8 ± 2.1 * | 3.1 ± 2.4 |
12.1 ± 5.4 | 4.2 ± 2.5 | 3.2 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | |
Weight Category (BMI) | ||||
Underweight/Normal weight (n = 211) Overweight/Obese (n = 61) | 12.1 ± 5.4 * | 4.3 ± 2.8 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 2.9 ± 2.0 * |
14.6 ± 6.0 | 5.0 ± 2.8 | 3.8 ± 2.3 | 3.5 ± 2.4 | |
Physical Activity Category (IPAQ) | ||||
Low/Moderate (n = 126) High (n = 146) | 13.5 ± 5.4 * | 4.8 ± 2.9 | 3.3 ± 2.0 | 3.4 ± 2.2 * |
12.0 ± 5.7 | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 3.4 ± 2.3 | 2.6 ± 2.0 | |
Sleep Category (PSQI) | ||||
Poor Sleep (n = 146) Good Sleep (n = 126) | 13.6 ± 5.6 * | 5.0 ± 2.9 * | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 3.2 ± 2.2 |
11.6 ± 5.5 | 3.9 ± 2.6 | 3.5 ± 2.3 | 2.7 ± 1.9 | |
Stress Category (PSS) | ||||
Low (n = 74) Medium (n = 172) High (n = 26) | 13.2 ± 5.2 | 4.1 ± 2.7 | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 2.3 |
12.1 ± 5.9 | 4.6 ± 2.9 | 3.2 ± 2.1 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | |
12.8 ± 5.6 | 4.6 ± 2.6 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 3.1 ± 2.1 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Carpenter, C.; Byun, S.-E.; Turner-McGrievy, G.; West, D. An Exploration of Domain-Specific Sedentary Behaviors in College Students by Lifestyle Factors and Sociodemographics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189930
Carpenter C, Byun S-E, Turner-McGrievy G, West D. An Exploration of Domain-Specific Sedentary Behaviors in College Students by Lifestyle Factors and Sociodemographics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189930
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarpenter, Chelsea, Sang-Eun Byun, Gabrielle Turner-McGrievy, and Delia West. 2021. "An Exploration of Domain-Specific Sedentary Behaviors in College Students by Lifestyle Factors and Sociodemographics" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9930. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189930