Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measure
2.2.1. Fear of Missing Out Scale-Chinese Version (FoMOs-C)
2.2.2. Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI)
2.2.3. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Item Analysis
3.2. Construct Validity
3.2.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
3.2.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
3.2.3. Concurrent Validity and Discriminant Validity
3.3. Measurement Invariance
3.4. Reliability
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Przybylski, A.K.; Murayama, K.; DeHaan, C.R.; Gladwell, V. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2013, 29, 1841–1848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fang, J.; Wang, X.; Wen, Z.; Zhou, J. Fear of missing out and problematic social media use as mediators between emotional support from social media and phubbing behavior. Addict. Behav. 2020, 107, 106430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Savci, M.; Tekin, A.; Elhai, J.D. Prediction of problematic social media use (PSU) using machine learning approaches. Curr. Psychol. 2020, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jupowicz-Ginalska, A.; Kisilowska, M.; Baran, T.; Wysocki, A.; Jasiewicz, J. Fear of missing out scale—A nationwide representative CAWI survey in Poland. Central Eur. J. Commun. 2021, 13, 313–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Li, S.; Yu, G. The relationship between social media use and fear of missing out: A meta-analysis. Acta Psychol. Sin. 2021, 53, 273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- China Internet Network Information Center. The 47th China Statistical Report on Internet Development. Available online: http://cnnic.cn/gywm/xwzx/rdxw/20172017_7084/202102/t20210203_71364.htm (accessed on 3 February 2021).
- Kuss, D.J.; Griffiths, M.D. Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Alt, D. College students’ academic motivation, media engagement and fear of missing out. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2015, 49, 111–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Jiménez, F.R.; Cicala, J.E. Fear of missing out scale: A self-concept perspective. Psychol. Mark. 2020, 37, 1619–1634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wegmann, E.; Oberst, U.; Stodt, B.; Brand, M. Online-specific fear of missing out and Internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of Internet-communication disorder. Addict. Behav. Rep. 2017, 5, 33–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abri, A.A. Where is the Party Tonight? The Impact of Fear of Missing out on Peer Norms and Alcohol Expectancies and Consumption Among College Students. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Song, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, Y.; Song, S. Fearing of missing out (FoMO) in mobile social media environment: Conceptual development and measurement scale. iConferences 2017, 733–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, J.-p.; Wang, C.-x.; Ye, Y. Development and validation of fear of missing out scale among Chinese college students. Curr. Psychol. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sela, Y.; Zach, M.; Amichay-Hamburger, Y.; Mishali, M.; Omer, H. Family environment and problematic internet use among adolescents: The mediating roles of depression and Fear of Missing Out. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020, 106, 106226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, K.A.; Deci, E.L.; Ryan, R.M. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behaviour; Kluwer Academic Publishers: New York, NY, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Can, G.; Satici, S.A. Adaptation of fear of missing out scale (FoMOs): Turkish version validity and reliability study. Psicol. Reflexão Crítica 2019, 32, 3–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gökler, M.E.; Aydin, R.; Nal, E.; Metintas, S. Determining validity and reliability of Turkish version of Fear of Missing out Scale. Anatol. J. Psychiatry 2016, 17, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Menayes, J. The fear of missing out scale: Validation of the Arabic version and correlation with social media addiction. Int. J. App.l Psychol. 2016, 6, 41–46. [Google Scholar]
- Gil, F.; Oberst, U.; Del Valle, G.; Chamarro, A. Nuevas tecnologías—Nuevas patologías? El Smartphone y el fear of missing out. Aloma Rev. Psicol. Ciències l’Educació l’Esport 2015, 33, 77–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casale, S.; Fioravanti, G. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the fear of missing out scale in emerging adults and adolescents. Addict. Behav. 2020, 102, 106179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elhai, J.D.; Levine, J.C.; Alghraibeh, A.M.; Alafnan, A.A.; Aldraiweesh, A.A.; Hall, B.J. Fear of missing out: Testing relationships with negative affectivity, online social engagement, and problematic smartphone use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2018, 89, 289–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rozgonjuk, D.; Sindermann, C.; Elhai, J.D.; Montag, C. Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and social media’s impact on daily-life and productivity at work: Do WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat Use Disorders mediate that association? Addict. Behav. 2020, 110, 106487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elhai, J.D.; Yang, H.; Fang, J.; Bai, X.; Hall, B. Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese young adults: Fear of missing out as a mediator. Addict. Behav. 2020, 101, 105962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsai, H.-Y.S.; Hsu, P.-J.; Chang, C.-L.; Huang, C.-C.; Ho, H.-F.; LaRose, R. High tension lines: Negative social exchange and psychological well-being in the context of instant messaging. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2019, 93, 326–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Whelan, E.; Islam, A.N.; Brooks, S. Applying the SOBC paradigm to explain how social media overload affects academic performance. Comput. Educ. 2020, 143, 103692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adams, S.K.; Murdock, K.K.; Daly-Cano, M.; Rose, M. Sleep in the social world of college students: Bridging interpersonal stress and fear of missing out with mental health. Behav. Sci. 2020, 10, 54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dutot, V. A social identity perspective of social media’s impact on satisfaction with life. Psychol. Mark. 2020, 37, 759–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, P.; Zhao, F.; Lei, L. Basic psychological needs satisfaction and fear of missing out: Friend support moderated the mediating effect of individual relative deprivation. Psychiatry Res. 2018, 268, 223–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, P.; Wang, X.; Nie, J.; Zeng, P.; Liu, K.; Wang, J.; Guo, J.; Lei, L. Envy and problematic smartphone use: The mediating role of FOMO and the moderating role of student-student relationship. Pers. Individ. Differ. 2019, 146, 136–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dou, K.; Wang, L.; Li, J.-B.; Wang, G.-D.; Li, Y.; Huang, Y.-T. Mobile Phone Addiction and Risk-Taking Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leung, L. Linking psychological attributes to addiction and improper use of the mobile phone among adolescents in Hong Kong. J. Child. Media 2008, 2, 93–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diener, E.; Emmons, R.A.; Larsen, R.J.; Griffin, S. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J. Pers. Assess. 1985, 49, 71–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiong, C.; Xu, Y. Reliability and validity of the stisfaction with life scale for Chinese demo. China J. Health Psychol. 2009, 17, 948–949. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, L.; Bentler, P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J. 1999, 6, 1–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fornell, C.; Larcker, D.F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. J. Market. Res. 1981, 18, 39–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lam, L.W. Impact of competitiveness on salespeople’s commitment and performance. J. Bus. Res. 2012, 65, 1328–1334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cheung, G.W.; Rensvold, R.B. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Struct. Equ. Model. 2002, 9, 233–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meade, A.W.; Johnson, E.C.; Braddy, P.W. Power and sensitivity of alternative fit indices in tests of measurement invariance. J. Appl. Psychol. 2008, 93, 568–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, J.R.A. Cronbach’s alpha: A tool for assessing the reliability of scales. J. Ext. 1999, 37, 35–36. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Q.; Wang, J.; Zhao, S.; Jia, Y. Validity and reliability of Chinese version of the Fear of Missing Out scale in college students. Chin. Ment. Health J. 2019, 33, 312–317. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.; Wang, P.; Yang, X.; Zhang, G.; Wang, X.; Zhao, F.; Zhao, M.; Lei, L. Fear of missing out and procrastination as mediators between sensation seeking and adolescent smartphone addiction. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2019, 17, 1049–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duell, N.; Steinberg, L.; Icenogle, G.; Chein, J.; Chaudhary, N.; Di Giunta, L.; Dodge, K.A.; Fanti, K.A.; Lansford, J.E.; Oburu, P.; et al. Age patterns in risk taking across the world. J. Youth Adolesc. 2018, 47, 1052–1072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rubin, K.H.; Dwyer, K.M.; Booth-LaForce, C.; Kim, A.H.; Burgess, K.B.; Rose-Krasnor, L. Attachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. J. Early Adolesc. 2004, 24, 326–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reer, F.; Tang, W.Y.; Quandt, T. Psychosocial well-being and social media engagement: The mediating roles of social comparison orientation and fear of missing out. New Media Soc. 2019, 21, 1486–1505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Factors | 1 | 2 |
---|---|---|
Factor 1 | ||
I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me. | 0.91 | |
I fear my friends have more rewarding experiences than me. | 0.91 | |
I get worried when I find out my friends are having fun without me. | 0.72 | |
Sometimes, I wonder if I spend too much time keeping up with what is going on. | 0.49 | |
Factor 2 | ||
It bothers me when I miss an opportunity to meet up with friends. | 0.67 | |
When I have a good time, it is important for me to share the details online (e.g., updating status). | 0.65 | |
When I miss out on a planned get-together it bothers me. | 0.78 | |
When I go on vacation, I continue to keep tabs on what my friends are doing. | 0.79 | |
Eigenvalue | 3.46 | 1.46 |
% of the variance explained | 43.29 | 18.20 |
Model | χ2 | df | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Factor | 1849.24 | 35 | 0.19 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.10 |
2 Factors (Arabic version) a | 722.87 | 19 | 0.16 | 0.85 | 0.78 | 0.10 |
2 Factors (Chinese version) | 68.07 | 15 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.02 |
M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. FoMOs-C | 2.59 | 0.73 | - | |||
2. FoM-NI | 2.50 | 0.84 | 0.83 *** | - | ||
3. FoM-SO | 2.68 | 0.90 | 0.86 *** | 0.43 *** | - | |
4. MPAI | 2.12 | 0.67 | 0.39 *** | 0.36 *** | 0.30 *** | - |
5. SWLS | 3.92 | 1.30 | −0.13 *** | −0.21 *** | −0.01 | −0.24 *** |
Model | χ2 | df | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | ΔCFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||||
Model 1 configural invariance | 157.96 | 32 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.97 | - |
Model 2 metric invariance | 175.82 | 38 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.97 | <0.01 |
Gender | ||||||
Model 1 configural invariance | 118.66 | 28 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.98 | - |
Model 2 metric invariance | 131.65 | 34 | 0.05 | 0.99 | 0.98 | <0.01 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Li, Y.-Y.; Huang, Y.-T.; Dou, K. Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189896
Li Y-Y, Huang Y-T, Dou K. Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189896
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yan-Yu, Yi-Ting Huang, and Kai Dou. 2021. "Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Fear of Missing Out Scale" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189896