Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Factors among Hospital Employees: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Participant Characteristics by the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome
3.2. Physical and Biochemical Values of the Participants
3.3. Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome in Hospital Employees
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 746) | Metabolic Syndrome | χ2/t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 680) | Yes (n = 66) | ||||
Age (years) | 38.40 ± 9.10 a | 37.97 ± 9.00 a | 42.88 ± 8.96 a | −4.23 | <0.001 |
Age categories (years) | 15.66 | 0.001 | |||
>50 | 99 | 83 (12.2) | 16 (24.2) | ||
41–50 | 177 | 156 (22.9) | 21 (31.8) | ||
31–40 | 308 | 284 (41.8) | 24 (36.4) | ||
21–30 | 162 | 157 (23.1) | 5 (7.6) | ||
Sex | 1.26 | 0.261 | |||
Male | 226 | 202 (29.7) | 24 (36.4) | ||
Female | 520 | 478 (70.3) | 42 (63.6) | ||
Shift work | 6.24 | 0.013 | |||
Yes | 587 | 543 (79.9) | 44 (66.7) | ||
No | 159 | 137 (20.1) | 22 (33.3) | ||
Drinking milk (n = 731) b | 1.76 | 0.185 | |||
Yes | 158 | 140 (21.0) | 18 (28.1) | ||
No | 573 | 527 (79.0) | 46 (71.9) | ||
Eating at least three servings of vegetables and two of fruits (n = 729) b | 0.03 | 0.867 | |||
Yes | 289 | 263 (39.5) | 26 (40.6) | ||
No | 440 | 402 (60.5) | 38 (59.4) | ||
Tooth brushing (n = 727) b | 2.83 | 0.243 | |||
One time/day | 118 | 104 (15.7) | 14 (21.9) | ||
Two times/day | 473 | 431 (65.0) | 42 (65.6) | ||
More than three times/day | 136 | 128 (19.3) | 8 (12.5) | ||
Smoking status (n = 732) b | 6.31 | 0.012 | |||
Yes | 41 | 33 (4.9) | 8 (12.5) | ||
No | 691 | 635 (95.1) | 56 (87.5) | ||
Alcohol (n = 731) b | 1.66 | 0.198 | |||
Yes | 244 | 218 (32.7) | 26 (40.6) | ||
No | 487 | 449 (67.3) | 38 (59.4) | ||
Chewing betel nut (n = 731) b | 6.15 | 0.013 | |||
Yes | 5 | 3 (0.4) | 2 (3.1) | ||
No | 726 | 664 (99.6) | 62 (96.9) | ||
Number of chronic diseases | 19.27 | <0.001 | |||
≥2 | 38 | 28 (4.1) | 10 (15.2) | ||
1 | 192 | 170 (25.0) | 22 (33.3) | ||
0 | 516 | 482 (70.9) | 34 (51.5) | ||
Number of family history | 7.92 | 0.095 | |||
≥4 | 28 | 24 (3.5) | 4 (6.1) | ||
3 | 66 | 56 (8.2) | 10 (15.2) | ||
2 | 150 | 133 (19.6) | 17 (25.8) | ||
1 | 205 | 189 (27.8) | 16 (24.2) | ||
0 | 297 | 278 (40.9) | 19 (28.8) | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.54 ± 3.91 a | 22.96 ± 3.49 a | 28.97 ± 3.82 a | −13.24 | <0.001 |
BMI categories (kg/m2) | 147.86 | <0.001 | |||
≥30.0 | 50 | 27 (4.0) | 23 (34.8) | ||
25.0–29.9 | 183 | 147 (21.6) | 36 (54.5) | ||
18.5–24.9 | 473 | 467 (68.7) | 6 (9.1) | ||
<18.5 | 40 | 39 (5.7) | 1 (1.5) |
Variables | Reference Value | Mean ± Sd (n = 746) | Metabolic Syndrome Mean ± Sd | t | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 680) | Yes (n = 66) | |||||
Height | -cm | 163.12 ± 7.97 | 163.11 ± 7.97 | 163.24 ± 7.99 | −0.13 | 0.896 |
Weight | -kg | 62.92 ± 12.71 | 61.50 ± 11.77 | 77.54 ± 12.89 | −10.48 | <0.001 |
WC | female < 80 cm male < 90 cm | 75.92 ± 10.40 | 74.52 ± 9.29 | 90.39 ± 10.20 | −13.13 | <0.001 |
SBP | <120 mmHg | 115.69 ± 14.04 | 113.96 ± 12.63 | 133.48 ± 15.53 | −11.73 | <0.001 |
DBP | <80 mmHg | 70.92 ± 10.70 | 69.65 ± 9.64 | 83.98 ± 12.25 | −9.24 | <0.001 |
Pulse rate | 60–80/min | 78.34 ± 10.72 | 78.11 ± 10.52 | 80.68 ± 12.44 | −1.86 | 0.063 |
WBC | 4.5–11 × 103/uL | 6.36 ± 1.69 | 6.26 ± 1.63 | 7.38 ± 2.03 | −4.34 | <0.001 |
Haemoglobin | female 12.0~16.0 male 13.5~18.0 gm/dL | 13.67 ± 1.54 | 13.62 ± 1.51 | 14.27 ± 1.74 | −3.29 | 0.001 |
FPG | 70~100 mg/dL | 92.53 ± 18.14 | 90.49 ± 12.17 | 113.55 ± 41.61 | −4.48 | <0.001 |
Cholesterol | <200 mg/dL | 192.62 ± 34.81 | 191.52 ± 34.62 | 204.05 ± 34.91 | −2.80 | 0.005 |
Triglycerides | <150 mg/dL | 99.38 ± 61.51 | 92.01 ± 50.11 | 175.41 ± 103.43 | −6.48 | <0.001 |
AST (GOT) | 8~31 U/L | 19.79 ± 12.51 | 19.49 ± 12.52 | 22.92 ± 12.09 | −2.13 | 0.033 |
ALT (GPT) | 0~41 U/L | 21.57 ± 24.24 | 20.58 ± 24.07 | 31.77 ± 23.77 | −3.65 | <0.001 |
BUN | 7~25 mg/dL | 12.53 ± 3.37 | 12.47 ± 3.36 | 13.11 ± 3.47 | −1.46 | 0.144 |
Total calcium | 8.6~10.2 mg/dL | 9.37 ± 0.34 | 9.36 ± 0.34 | 9.46 ± 0.35 | −2.22 | 0.027 |
Phosphorus | 2.7~4.5 mg/dL | 3.70 ± 0.49 | 3.71 ± 0.49 | 3.66 ± 0.53 | 0.84 | 0.400 |
Uric acid | 2.3~7.0 mg/dL | 5.33 ± 1.47 | 5.25 ± 1.44 | 6.16 ± 1.50 | −4.87 | <0.001 |
Creatinine | 0.5~0.9 mg/dL | 0.75 ± 0.17 | 0.74 ± 0.16 | 0.76 ± 0.19 | −0.61 | 0.546 |
Alkaline phosphatase | 35~104 U/L | 60.99 ± 16.94 | 60.29 ± 16.62 | 68.11 ± 18.66 | −3.60 | <0.001 |
Total bilirubin | 0.3~1.0 mg/dL | 0.61 ± 0.27 | 0.61 ± 0.27 | 0.60 ± 0.26 | 0.41 | 0.682 |
Total protein | 6.6~8.7 g/dL | 7.43 ± 0.37 | 7.42 ± 0.37 | 7.51 ± 0.34 | −1.95 | 0.051 |
Albumin | 3.5~5.7 g/dL | 4.70 ± 0.25 | 4.70 ± 0.25 | 4.69 ± 0.22 | 0.44 | 0.659 |
A/G ratio | 1.2~2.4 | 1.75 ± 0.24 | 1.76 ± 0.25 | 1.69 ± 0.23 | 2.07 | 0.039 |
HDL-C | >65 mg/dL | 69.34 ± 16.56 | 65.56 ± 16.14 | 47.23 ± 10.55 | 12.75 | <0.001 |
LDL-C | <120 mg/dL | 113.40 ± 29.87 | 112.11 ± 29.45 | 120.59 ± 31.28 | −2.69 | 0.008 |
AIP | −0.3~0.1 | 0.15 ± 0.29 | 0.11 ± 0.27 | 0.53 ± 0.25 | −12.96 | <0.001 |
Variable | Beta (95% CI) | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 0.019 (−0.509~0.547) | 0.943 | 1.020 (0.601~1.729) |
Female | |||
Shift work | |||
Yes | 0.059 (−0.410~0.527) | 0.806 | 1.060 (0.664~1.694) |
No | |||
Number of chronic diseases | |||
≥2 | 0.036 (−0.557~0.628) | 0.906 | 1.036 (0.573~1.874) |
1 | −0.080 (−0.460~0.300) | 0.680 | 0.923 (0.631~1.350) |
0 | |||
Number of family history | |||
≥4 | 0.373 (−0.260~1.006) | 0.248 | 1.452 (0.771~2.734) |
3 | 0.235 (−0.271~0.741) | 0.363 | 1.265 (0.763~2.097) |
2 | 0.133 (−0.590~0.325) | 0.570 | 0.876 (0.554~1.384) |
1 | −0.217 (−0.654~0.220) | 0.331 | 0.805 (0.520~1.247) |
0 | |||
Smoking status | |||
Yes | −0.404 (−1.259~0.450) | 0.354 | 0.667 (0.284~1.569) |
No | |||
Alcohol | |||
Yes | −0.185 (−0.612~0.243) | 0.398 | 0.831(0.542~1.275) |
No | |||
Age categories (years) | |||
>50 | 2.333 (1.126~3.541) | <0.001 | 10.312 (3.083~34.493) |
41–50 | 2.063 (0.877~3.248) | 0.001 | 7.866 (2.405~25.729) |
31–40 | 1.525 (0.373~2.677) | 0.009 | 4.596 (1.452~14.544) |
21–30 | |||
BMI categories (kg/m2) | |||
≥30 | 2.580 (2.009~3.151) | <0.001 | 13.197 (7.459~23.351) |
25.0–29.9 | 1.370 (0.906~1.834) | <0.001 | 3.934 (2.474~6.256) |
<24.9 | |||
Chewing betel nut | |||
Yes | 1.260 (−0.140~2.661) | 0.078 | 3.526 (0.869~14.307) |
No | |||
White blood cell | 0.177 (0.074~0.280) | 0.001 | 1.194 (1.077~1.324) |
Alanine aminotransferase | 0.013 (0.005~0.021) | 0.002 | 1.013 (1.005~1.021) |
Uric acid | 0.223 (0.069~0.378) | 0.005 | 1.250 (1.072~1.459) |
Haemoglobin | 0.001 (−0.161~0.163) | 0.988 | 1.001 (0.851~1.177) |
Total calcium | 0.487 (−0.038~1.012) | 0.069 | 1.628 (0.963~2.751) |
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Wu, Y.-S.; Tzeng, W.-C.; Chu, C.-M.; Wang, W.-Y. Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Factors among Hospital Employees: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189826
Wu Y-S, Tzeng W-C, Chu C-M, Wang W-Y. Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Factors among Hospital Employees: A Population-Based Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189826
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Yi-Syuan, Wen-Chii Tzeng, Chi-Ming Chu, and Wei-Yun Wang. 2021. "Metabolic Syndrome and Its Related Factors among Hospital Employees: A Population-Based Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189826