Subjective Perceptions of South Korean Parents Regarding the Effectiveness of Taekwondo Education for Adolescents and Its Characteristics: The Q Methodology Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Q-Population (Concourse of Statements)
2.2. Q-Set (Q-Sample)
2.3. P-Set (P-Sample)
2.4. Q-Sorting
2.5. Factor Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Eigenvalue, Variance, and Correlations between Factors (Types)
3.2. Type 1 (Factor 1): A Powerful Means of Enhancing Physical and Mental Health
3.3. Type 2: The Driving Force behind Stable School Life and Sociability Development
3.4. Type 3 (Factor 3): Improvement in Psychological and Social Areas Leading to a Successful Transition to Adulthood
3.5. Type 4 (Factor 4): Raising Awareness of the Values of Taekwondo and the Importance of Physical Activity
3.6. Consensus Statements by All Types
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Q Number | Q-Statements |
---|---|
1 | It can instill knowledge about the historical value of Taekwondo, which is popular worldwide. |
2 | It can instill knowledge about the social and cultural values of Taekwondo. |
3 | By polishing Taekwondo techniques and skills, youths can increase their desire for promotion and rank test. |
4 | It increases interest in sports during adolescence, which the youths may carry into adulthood. |
5 | It can help children recognize the positive effects of physical activity and the importance of taking care of their bodies. |
6 | It can improve muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance, among others, which are essential in adolescence. |
7 | It can promote agility, speed, and coordination, which are essential not only in adolescence but also in adulthood. |
8 | It is helpful for managing body weight, preventing obesity, and dieting (weight loss). |
9 | It leads to healthy eating habits. |
10 | It can relieve stress and reduce depression. |
11 | It is one of the important methods of teaching about thoughtfulness and respect for others. |
12 | It can actively change a child’s personality. |
13 | It can build confidence in various fields and improve self-esteem. |
14 | It can inspire a sense of responsibility and achievement for children. |
15 | It can improve patience and instill a spirit of competition. |
16 | It enables young people to acquire skills necessary for life safety, such as self-defense. |
17 | It is one of the significant methods for learning about manners and etiquette. |
18 | It can positively change the attitude of living at home, and it leads to the acquisition of a planned life habit. |
19 | It can induce improvement in class concentration and academic performance. |
20 | It can promote a sense of belonging within the school and make school life more enjoyable and interesting. |
21 | It could be a means of stimulating and improving friendships. |
22 | It can foster close relationships with instructors or teachers. |
23 | It can be a means for guiding, maintaining, and improving social relationships with various individuals. |
24 | It becomes a medium for preventing bullying and school violence. |
25 | It provides opportunities for career expansion (professional Taekwondo players or instructors). |
Factor (Type) | P-Sample | Age | Child’s Age | Gender | Education (Years) | Starting Age | Factor Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 (N = 5) | 2 | 53 | 19 | Female | 11 | 5 | 0.59 |
9 | 49 | 18 | Male | 12 | 5 | 0.49 | |
11 | 56 | 17 | Male | 10 | 6 | 0.60 | |
12 | 56 | 16 | Female | 9 | 5 | 0.64 | |
19 | 42 | 15 | Female | 8 | 5 | 0.65 | |
Type 2 (N = 7) | 1 | 53 | 18 | Male | 10 | 7 | 0.65 |
3 | 48 | 16 | Female | 10 | 6 | 0.87 | |
4 | 47 | 17 | Female | 11 | 5 | 0.69 | |
10 | 46 | 16 | Male | 9 | 5 | 0.72 | |
16 | 46 | 18 | Female | 10 | 7 | 0.90 | |
17 | 50 | 19 | Male | 9 | 5 | 0.86 | |
20 | 50 | 17 | Male | 10 | 5 | 0.92 | |
Type 3 (N = 5) | 5 | 44 | 17 | Female | 10 | 5 | 0.52 |
7 | 47 | 18 | Male | 11 | 6 | 0.49 | |
8 | 45 | 16 | Female | 10 | 5 | 0.70 | |
13 | 49 | 19 | Male | 13 | 6 | 0.86 | |
14 | 51 | 19 | Female | 12 | 6 | 0.97 | |
Type 4 (N = 3) | 6 | 54 | 19 | Female | 11 | 5 | 0.58 |
15 | 46 | 17 | Male | 10 | 5 | 0.59 | |
18 | 52 | 18 | Male | 12 | 5 | 0.71 |
Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Type 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | 4.59 | 6.42 | 3.16 | 1.18 |
% of explanatory variance | 0.16 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.09 |
Total variance | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.6 | 0.69 |
Type 1 | Type 2 | Type 3 | Type 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | 1 | |||
Type 2 | 0.26 | 1 | ||
Type 3 | 0.51 | 0.42 | 1 | |
Type 4 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 1 |
Q-Statement | Z-Score | ||
---|---|---|---|
Type 1 | Positive | 6. It can improve muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance, which are essential in adolescence. | 1.78 |
10. It relieves stress and reduces depression. | 1.59 | ||
8. It is helpful for managing body weight, preventing obesity, and dieting (weight loss). | 1.48 | ||
7. It can promote agility, quickness, and coordination, which are essential not only in adolescence but also in adulthood. | 1.45 | ||
Negative | 2. It can instill knowledge about the social and cultural values of Taekwondo. | −1.84 | |
1. It can instill knowledge about the historical value of Taekwondo, which is popular around the world. | −2.02 | ||
Type 2 | Positive | 20. It can promote a sense of belonging within the school and make school life more enjoyable and interesting. | 2.01 |
21. It could be a means of stimulating and improving friendships. | 1.69 | ||
24. It becomes a medium for preventing bullying and school violence. | 1.33 | ||
Negative | 7. It can promote agility, quickness, and coordination, which are essential not only in adolescence but also in adulthood. | −1.25 | |
3. By polishing Taekwondo techniques and skills, youths can increase their desire for promotion and rank. | −1.71 | ||
6. It can improve muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance, among others, which are essential in adolescence. | −2.00 | ||
Type 3 | Positive | 11. It is one of the important methods for teaching thoughtfulness and respect for others. | 2.15 |
13. It can build confidence in various fields and improve self-esteem. | 1.6 | ||
14. It can inspire a sense of responsibility and achievement for children. | 1.16 | ||
Negative | 24. It becomes a medium for preventing bullying and school violence. | −1.53 | |
1. It can instill knowledge about the historical value of Taekwondo, which is popular worldwide | −1.74 | ||
25. It provides opportunities for career expansion (as professional Taekwondo players or instructors). | −2.12 | ||
Type 4 | Positive | 5. It can help children recognize the positive effects of physical activity and the importance of taking care of their bodies. | 2.05 |
2. It can instill knowledge about the social and cultural values of Taekwondo. | 1.88 | ||
25. It provides opportunities for career expansion (as professional Taekwondo players or instructors). | 1.87 | ||
9. It leads to healthy eating habits. | 1.74 | ||
Negative | 24. It becomes a medium for preventing bullying and school violence. | −1.32 | |
21. It could be a means of stimulating and improving friendships. | −1.99 | ||
22. It can foster close relationships with instructors or teachers. | −2.16 |
Q-Statement | Z-Score |
---|---|
18. It can positively change the attitude of living at home, and it leads to the acquisition of a planned life habit. | 0.78 |
17. It is one of the significant methods for learning about manners and etiquette. | 0.99 |
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Jeon, W.; Jang, S.; Joung, K. Subjective Perceptions of South Korean Parents Regarding the Effectiveness of Taekwondo Education for Adolescents and Its Characteristics: The Q Methodology Application. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189687
Jeon W, Jang S, Joung K. Subjective Perceptions of South Korean Parents Regarding the Effectiveness of Taekwondo Education for Adolescents and Its Characteristics: The Q Methodology Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189687
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Wonjae, Seunghyun Jang, and Kihong Joung. 2021. "Subjective Perceptions of South Korean Parents Regarding the Effectiveness of Taekwondo Education for Adolescents and Its Characteristics: The Q Methodology Application" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189687