Understanding the Effect of Internal and External Factors on Households’ Willingness to Sort Waste in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aim of the Study
- Assess the residents’ psychological and external factors regarding sustainable waste handling in Dammam city;
- Compare the sustainable waste handling practices of different income level groups in Dammam city;
- Investigate the relationships between independent variables and the willingness to participate in sustainable waste handling practices in Dammam city;
- Determine the impact of the independent variables on the willingness of residents to participate in sustainable waste handling in Dammam city.
- What are the factors that significantly predict the willingness to handle sustainable waste at different income levels in Dammam city?
- What is the relationship between psychological and external factors regarding sustainable waste handling in Dammam city?
- What are the effects of psychological factors on residents’ willingness to participate in sustainable waste handling in Dammam city?
- What are the levels of attitude, awareness, perceived behavioural control, social influences, and the willingness/intention among households in the resource sorting and recycling of sustainable waste?
- What are the relationships between attitude, awareness, perceived behavioural control, social influences, market incentives, governmental facilitators, and willingness/intention among households in Dammam city?
- What is the effect of independent variables such as attitude, awareness, perceived behavioural control, social influences, market incentives, and governmental facilitators on residents’ willingness to participate in sustainable waste handling in Dammam city?
3. Literature Review
4. Research Framework
4.1. Theory of Planned Behaviour
4.2. Theory Model
4.3. Awareness
4.4. Market Incentives
4.5. Government Facilitators
5. Research Methodology
5.1. Measurement
5.2. Questionnaire Design and Pilot Test
5.3. Sample and Data Collection
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Descriptive Statistics Analysis
6.2. Structural Equation Model
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Measurement Item | Mean | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Attitude | AT1: Waste sorting is good. | 3.42 | 1.025 | −0.578 | −0.069 | 0.818 *** |
AT2: In my opinion, waste sorting is useful. | 3.42 | 1.031 | −0.382 | −0.222 | 0.924 *** | |
AT3: I find the idea of waste sorting distasteful. | 3.58 | 1.062 | −0.617 | −0.012 | 0.821 *** | |
AT4: Waste sorting is rewarding. | 3.34 | 1.024 | −0.621 | −0.021 | 0.851 *** | |
AT5: Waste sorting is sensible. | 3.44 | 1.029 | −0.571 | −0.031 | 0.921 *** | |
Waste sorting awareness | AWR1: I think I am sufficiently aware of the value of waste sorting. | 2.84 | 0.722 | 0.366 | −0.384 | 0.822 *** |
AWR2: I think I am sufficiently aware of how to correctly sort waste. | 2.87 | 0.810 | 0.506 | −0.478 | 0.899 *** | |
AWR3: I think I am sufficiently aware of the negative effects of waste. | 2.90 | 0.810 | 0.444 | −0.539 | 0.893 *** | |
Social influence | SI1: My neighbours think that I should sort waste in my daily life. | 3.03 | 0.682 | 0.120 | −0.382 | 0.807 *** |
SI2: My family members want me to sort waste in my daily life. | 3.14 | 0.705 | 0.063 | −0.182 | 0.795 *** | |
SI3: My relatives wish me to sort waste in my daily life. | 3.18 | 0.723 | −0.047 | −0.396 | 0.987 *** | |
Perceived behavioural control | PBC1: I have the skills and abilities to sort waste in daily life. | 3.02 | 0.657 | 0.138 | −0.196 | 0.914 *** |
PBC2: I feel easy and convenient when sorting waste in my daily life. | 3.10 | 0.672 | 0.177 | −0.069 | 0.888 *** | |
PBC3: I have confidence that if I want to sort waste in my daily life, I can do it. | 3.16 | 0.682 | 0.033 | −0.369 | 0.922 *** | |
Market incentives | MI1: The prices quoted by recycling waste collection companies are reasonable. | 3.48 | 0.973 | −0.393 | −0.053 | 0.897 *** |
MI2: You will bring along those recycling waste to the surrounding collection station in order to sell/exchange for points. | 3.35 | 0.962 | −0.260 | −0.112 | 0.908 *** | |
MI3: I can easily sell potential recycling waste to recycling waste collection companies. | 3.46 | 0.998 | −0.489 | 0.042 | 0.909 *** | |
Government facilitators | GF1: Government, community-driven campaigns can clearly explain the benefits and importance of waste separation. | 2.84 | 0.722 | 0.366 | −0.384 | 0.822 *** |
GF2: Government, community-driven separation campaigns can effectively improve waste separation awareness of residents. | 2.87 | 0.810 | 0.506 | −0.478 | 0.899 *** | |
GF3: The waste separation bins provided by the government provide a favourable and convenient environment for residents. | 2.90 | 0.810 | 0.444 | −0.539 | 0.893 *** | |
Waste sorting intention | INT1: I intend to sort recyclable waste in the near future. | 3.50 | 0.909 | −0.275 | −0.155 | 0.853 *** |
INT2: I intend to sort hazardous waste in the near future. | 3.55 | 0.956 | −0.402 | −0.049 | 0.862 *** | |
INT3: I intend to sort kitchen waste in the near future. | 3.54 | 0.967 | −0.303 | −0.215 | 0.857 *** |
Variable(s) | Frequencies | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 252 | 56 |
Female | 198 | 44 |
Age/Age Group | ||
18–29 | 129 | 28.7 |
30–39 | 71 | 15.8 |
40–49 | 209 | 46.4 |
50–59 | 33 | 7.3 |
60 above | 8 | 1.8 |
Marital Status | ||
Married | 246 | 54.7 |
Single | 201 | 44.7 |
Divorce | 2 | 0.44 |
Other | 1 | 0.22 |
Educational Level | ||
Primary | 2 | 0.44 |
Secondary | 15 | 3.33 |
Diploma | - | - |
College degree | 336 | 74.7 |
Msc/PhD | 97 | 21.5 |
Employment | ||
Govt. Employed | 244 | 54.2 |
Private Employed | 76 | 16.9 |
Self Employed | 10 | 2.22 |
Unemployed | 105 | 23.3 |
Housewife | 13 | 2.9 |
Pensioner | 2 | 0.44 |
Household Size | ||
1–5 Persons | 238 | 52.9 |
6–10 Persons | 195 | 43.3 |
11–15 Persons | 17 | 3.8 |
16 Persons and above | 0 | 0 |
Household Monthly Income | ||
Below SR 1000 | 95 | 21.1 |
SR 1000–SR 5000 | 175 | 38.9 |
Above SR 5000 | 180 | 40 |
Variables | ATT | AWNS | PBC | MI | SI | GF | INT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATT | |||||||
AWNS | 0.166 ** | ||||||
PBC | 0.211 ** | 0.289 ** | |||||
MI | 0.204 ** | 0.170 * | 0.150 ** | ||||
SI | 0.164 ** | 0.158 ** | 0.350 * | 0.194 ** | |||
GF | 0.204 ** | 0.270 ** | 0.250 ** | 0.404 * | 0.441 | ||
INT | 0.731 ** | 0.322 ** | 0.251 ** | 0.556 ** | 0.344 ** | 0.604 ** |
Hypothesised Relationship | Unstandardised Regression Weight Estimate | SE | Standardised Regression Weight Estimate | CR | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
INT ← ATT | 0.712 | 0.078 | 0.610 | 8.648 | 0.000 |
INT ← AWNS | 0.412 | 0.072 | 0.362 | 5.366 | 0.004 |
INT ← PBC | 0.186 | 0.071 | 0.131 | 2.619 | 0.009 |
INT ← MI | 0.528 | 0.076 | 0.446 | 6.003 | 0.002 |
INT ← SI | 0.288 | 0.033 | 0.109 | 2.462 | 0.012 |
INT ← GF | 0.661 | 0.056 | 0. 587 | 9.321 | 0.001 |
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Labib, O.A.; Manaf, L.; Sharaai, A.H.; Zaid, S.S.M. Understanding the Effect of Internal and External Factors on Households’ Willingness to Sort Waste in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189685
Labib OA, Manaf L, Sharaai AH, Zaid SSM. Understanding the Effect of Internal and External Factors on Households’ Willingness to Sort Waste in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189685
Chicago/Turabian StyleLabib, Ossama Ahmed, Latifah Manaf, Amir Hamzah Sharaai, and Siti Sarah Mohamad Zaid. 2021. "Understanding the Effect of Internal and External Factors on Households’ Willingness to Sort Waste in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189685
APA StyleLabib, O. A., Manaf, L., Sharaai, A. H., & Zaid, S. S. M. (2021). Understanding the Effect of Internal and External Factors on Households’ Willingness to Sort Waste in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9685. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189685