Gambling-Related Harms for Affected Others: A Finnish Population-Based Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Prevalence of Affected Others in Different Subgroups
1.2. GRHs for Affected Family Members
1.3. GRHs for Affected Non-Family Members
2. Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Affected Others
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Proportion of AOs and the Problem Gambler’s Relationship to the AO
3.2. The Amount of GRHs for the AOs
3.3. The Type of GRH by Harm Category
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications for Practices and Further Studies
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Respondents (n = 7186) | Females (n = 3760) | Males (n = 3426) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | p | |
AO | 894 | 12.9 | 522 | 13.7 | 372 | 12.1 | 0.046 |
AFM | 390 | 5.6 | 277 | 7.4 | 113 | 3.6 | ≤0.001 |
Partner or ex-partner | 132 | 1.9 | 94 | 2.5 | 38 | 1.2 | ≤0.001 |
Parent or step-parent | 108 | 1.7 | 75 | 2.1 | 33 | 1.1 | ≤0.001 |
Child or stepchild | 54 | 0.8 | 41 | 1.1 | 13 | 0.4 | ≤0.001 |
Other family member | 120 | 1.7 | 85 | 2.2 | 35 | 1.1 | ≤0.001 |
ANF | 574 | 8.4 | 294 | 7.7 | 280 | 9.2 | 0.019 |
Friend | 317 | 4.6 | 145 | 3.7 | 172 | 5.7 | ≤0.001 |
Co-worker | 86 | 1.4 | 28 | 0.8 | 58 | 2.0 | ≤0.001 |
Other a | 215 | 3.0 | 128 | 3.4 | 87 | 2.5 | 0.032 |
Harm Type | AOs | AFMs | ANFs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Has a Gambling Problem of Your Close One(s) Caused You: | n = 894 | % | n = 390 | % | n = 574 | % | |
Any harm | 378 | 41.7 | 220 | 56.5 | 192 | 33.0 | |
Emotional harm | Any emotional harm | 261 | 28.7 | 167 | 43.1 | 118 | 20.2 |
Worry about the health or well-being of other close ones | 150 | 16.5 | 87 | 22.8 | 81 | 13.6 | |
Emotional distress, such as stress, restlessness, anxiety, depression, hopelessness, or guilt | 135 | 14.7 | 98 | 24.8 | 51 | 8.8 | |
Worry about health or well-being of your own child | 47 | 4.9 | 38 | 9.3 | 13 | 2.2 | |
Relationship harm | Any relationship harm | 118 | 12.9 | 74 | 18.8 | 59 | 10.3 |
Problems in a relationship, such as arguments, distrust, divorce, or separation | 60 | 6.4 | 42 | 10.5 | 22 | 3.5 | |
Other interpersonal relationship problems, such as arguments, isolation, distancing yourself from friends | 78 | 8.8 | 45 | 11.8 | 45 | 8.0 | |
Financial harm | Any financial harm | 73 | 8.4 | 37 | 10.3 | 44 | 7.6 |
Eviction or a threat of being evicted | 16 | 1.8 | 7 | 1.8 | 11 | 2.0 | |
Other financial problems, such as payment issues, loans related to gambling, loss of financial credibility | 69 | 7.9 | 35 | 9.8 | 42 | 7.3 | |
Social deviance harm | Any social deviance harm | 16 | 1.8 | 7 | 1.8 | 10 | 1.8 |
Emotional violence, such as blackmailing, pressuring, and intimidation | 12 | 1.3 | 6 | 1.5 | 7 | 1.3 | |
Physical violence witnessed or being threatened | 10 | 1.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | |
Victim of some other type of crime, for example, theft or identity theft | 9 | 0.9 | 5 | 1.3 | 5 | 0.5 | |
Health harm | Health impacts, such as sleep problem, headaches, backaches, or stomach aches | 42 | 4.7 | 31 | 8.0 | 18 | 3.0 |
Work/study harm | Work- or study-related harm | 18 | 2.1 | 5 | 1.3 | 14 | 2.7 |
Undefined harm | Other harm, please specify a | 84 | 9.1 | 41 | 10.0 | 47 | 8.0 |
Affected Family Members (AFMs) (n = 390) | Affected Non-Family Members (ANFs) (n = 574) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Has a Gambling Problem of Your Close One(s) Caused You: | Partner | Ex-Partner | Parent or Step-Parent | Child or Stepchild | Other Family Member | Friend | Co-Worker | Other * |
n = 132 | n = 21 | n = 108 | n = 54 | n = 120 | n = 317 | n = 86 | n = 214 | |
1. Financial harm | 14.4 | 26.1 | 5.9 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 7.5 | 9.1 | 8.4 |
2. Emotional harm | 32.3 | 45.8 | 37.3 | 60.0 | 51.7 | 21.5 | 14.1 | 21.9 |
3. Relationship harm | 29.3 | 26.1 | 11.9 | 11.1 | 20.0 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 13.5 |
4. Health harm | 10.5 | .. | 5.9 | 11.1 | 8.3 | 3.3 | .. | 3.7 |
5. Work/study harm | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.5 | 6.1 | 4.2 |
6. Social deviance harm | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 1.5 | .. | .. |
Any harm | 49.6 | 70.8 | 50.0 | 64.8 | 64.2 | 32.9 | 33.0 | 35.3 |
Financial Harms | Emotional Harms | Relationship Harms | Other Harms a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Male (ref. female) | 1.31 | 0.80–2.15 | 0.50 *** | 0.36–0.69 | 0.77 | 0.50–1.18 | 1.10 | 0.62–1.94 |
18 to 34-year-old (ref. 35–74) | 1.82 ** | 1.11–2.99 | 1.35 | 0.99–1.86 | 1.50 | 0.99–2.25 | 1.33 | 0.75–2.36 |
AFM | ||||||||
Partner or ex-partner | 3.91 *** | 1.95–7.83 | 1.03 | 0.61–1.75 | 5.07 *** | 2.78–9.24 | 3.31 ** | 1.58–6.97 |
Parents or step-parent or other family member | 1.51 | 0.77–2.95 | 1.93 ** | 1.19–3.10 | 1.97 * | 1.12–3.46 | 1.75 | 0.85–3.61 |
Child or stepchild | 2.29 | 0.87–6.02 | 3.64 *** | 1.84–7.19 | 0.98 | 0.38–2.56 | 2.99 * | 1.14–7.82 |
ANF | 1.35 | 0.68–2.67 | 0.55 ** | 0.34–0.89 | 1.32 | 0.74–2.33 | 1.20 | 0.58–2.51 |
Log-likelihood | 510.5 | 1008.9 | 669.1 | 421.6 | ||||
LR Chi 2 | 22.6 | 106.1 | 46.6 | 16.3 | ||||
p | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.012 | ||||
Nagelkerke R | 0.055 | 0.154 | 0.091 | 0.046 |
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Castrén, S.; Lind, K.; Hagfors, H.; Salonen, A.H. Gambling-Related Harms for Affected Others: A Finnish Population-Based Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189564
Castrén S, Lind K, Hagfors H, Salonen AH. Gambling-Related Harms for Affected Others: A Finnish Population-Based Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189564
Chicago/Turabian StyleCastrén, Sari, Kalle Lind, Heli Hagfors, and Anne H. Salonen. 2021. "Gambling-Related Harms for Affected Others: A Finnish Population-Based Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9564. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189564