Did “Kayoinoba” Prevent the Decline of Mental and Physical Functions and Frailty for the Home-Based Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Respondents
2.2. Operation of “Kayoinoba” under Self-Quarantine, Due to the Spread of COVID-19
2.3. Evaluation of Mental and Physical Function and Frailty
2.4. Survey Time and Method
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Question | Answer | |
1 | Do you go out by bus or train by yourself? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
2 | Do you go shopping to buy your daily necessities by yourself? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
3 | Do you manage your own deposits and savings at the bank? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
4 | Do you sometimes visit your friends? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
5 | Do you tum to your family or friends for advice? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
6 | Do you normally climb stairs without using handrails or walls for support? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
7 | Do you normally stand up from a chair without any aids? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
8 | Do you normally walk continuously for 15 min? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
9 | Have you experienced a fall in the past year? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
10 | Do you have a fear of falling while walking? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
11 | Have you lost 2 kg or more in the past 6 months? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
12 | Height: cm, weight: kg, BMI: kg/m² If BMI is less than 18.5, this item is scored | 1. Yes | 0. No |
13 | Do you have any difficulties eating tough foods compared to 6 months ago? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
14 | Have you choked on your tea or soup recently? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
15 | Do you often experience having a dry mouth? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
16 | Do you go out at least once a week? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
17 | Do you go out less frequently compared to last year? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
18 | Do your family or your friends point out your memory loss? E.g., “You always ask the same question over and over again.” | 1. Yes | 0. No |
19 | Do you make a call by looking up phone numbers? | 0. Yes | 1. No |
20 | Do you find yourself not knowing today’s date? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
21 | In the last two weeks have you felt a lack of fulfilment in your daily life? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
22 | In the last two weeks have you felt a lack of joy when doing the things you used to enjoy? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
23 | In the last two weeks have you felt any difficulty in doing what you could do easily before? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
24 | In the last two weeks have you felt helpless? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
25 | In the last two weeks have you felt tired without a reason? | 1. Yes | 0. No |
Domains | Relevant Questions | Cut-Off Point with/without Each Risk | |
Lifestyle | #1–20 | Ten or more negative answers | |
Physical function | #6–10 | Three or more negative answers | |
Nutrition | #11, #12 | Negative answers to both questions | |
Oral function | #13, #14, #15 | Two or more negative answers | |
Socialization | #16, #17 | An answer of “No” to #16 | |
Cognitive function | #18, #19, #20 | One or more negative answers | |
Depressive mood | #21–25 | Two or more negative answers |
Attributes | Numbers (%) |
---|---|
Sex | |
Females | 85 (84.2) |
Males | 16 (15.8) |
Age (ys.) | |
65–74 | 37 (36.6) |
≥75 | 64 (63.4) |
Living style | |
Alone | 22 (21.8) |
Couple | 35 (34.7) |
with child/children | 44 (43.5) |
Affluence for living | |
Affluence | 28 (27.7) |
Normal | 18 (17.8) |
Non affluence | 55 (54.5) |
Everyday | Once a Week | Once a Month | Once a Year | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 2 (2.0) | 64 (63.4) | 35 (34.6) | 0 (0.0) |
One-year follow-up | 3 (3.0) | 68 (67.3) | 29 (28.7) | 1 (1.0) |
Improved | Unchanged | Worsened | Adjusted Residuals for Worsened Transition | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lifestyle | 5 (5.0) | 91 (90.0) | 5 (5.0) | −0.90 |
Physical function | 13 (12.9) | 75 (74.2) | 13 (12.9) | 2.50 * |
Nutrition | 0 (0) | 101 (100) | 0 (0) | −3.00 * |
Oral function | 11 (10.9) | 81 (80.2) | 9 (8.9) | 0.80 |
Socialization | 4 (4.0) | 94 (93.0) | 3 (3.0) | −1.70 |
Cognitive function | 19 (18.8) | 71 (70.3) | 11 (10.9) | 1.60 |
Depressive mood | 15 (14.9) | 77 (76.2) | 9 (8.9) | 0.80 |
One-Year Follow-Up | |||
---|---|---|---|
Robust | Frailty | ||
Baseline | Robust | 72 (71.3)/6.0 * | 5 (5.0)/−6.0 * |
Frailty | 9 (8.9)/−6.0 * | 15 (14.9)/6.0 * |
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Kitamura, M.; Goto, T.; Fujiwara, S.; Shirayama, Y. Did “Kayoinoba” Prevent the Decline of Mental and Physical Functions and Frailty for the Home-Based Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189502
Kitamura M, Goto T, Fujiwara S, Shirayama Y. Did “Kayoinoba” Prevent the Decline of Mental and Physical Functions and Frailty for the Home-Based Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189502
Chicago/Turabian StyleKitamura, Mio, Takaharu Goto, Shinji Fujiwara, and Yasuhiko Shirayama. 2021. "Did “Kayoinoba” Prevent the Decline of Mental and Physical Functions and Frailty for the Home-Based Elderly during the COVID-19 Pandemic?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189502