Influence of Residence Area and Basic Livelihood Conditions on the Prevalence and Diagnosis Experience of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Aged over 50 Years: Evaluation Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Study Population
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Osteoporosis Prevalence and Diagnosis
3.3. Influence of the Factors on the Osteoporosis Prevalence and Diagnosis Rate in the Urban and Rural Areas
3.4. Influence of the Basic Livelihood Condition on the Osteoporosis Prevalence and Diagnosis Rate in the Rural and Urban Areas
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | Urban | Rural | p-Values a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Total | 1476 | 100.0 | 1042 | 100.0 | 434 | 100.0 | ||
Age group (year) | 50–59 | 552 | 37.4 | 420 | 40.3 | 132 | 30.4 | <0.001 |
60–69 | 505 | 34.2 | 364 | 34.9 | 141 | 32.5 | ||
≥70 | 419 | 28.4 | 258 | 24.8 | 161 | 37.1 | ||
Educational level | ≤Middle school | 1183 | 80.1 | 781 | 75.0 | 402 | 92.6 | <0.001 |
≥High school | 293 | 19.9 | 261 | 25.0 | 32 | 7.4 | ||
Basic livelihood condition | Non-beneficiaries | 1355 | 91.8 | 976 | 93.7 | 379 | 87.3 | <0.001 |
Beneficiaries | 121 | 8.2 | 66 | 6.3 | 55 | 12.7 | ||
Physical activity b | No | 1179 | 79.9 | 850 | 81.6 | 329 | 75.8 | 0.012 |
Yes | 297 | 20.1 | 192 | 18.4 | 105 | 24.2 | ||
Obesity c | No | 1406 | 95.3 | 998 | 95.8 | 408 | 94.0 | 0.145 |
Yes | 70 | 4.7 | 44 | 4.2 | 26 | 6.0 | ||
Hypertension d | No | 720 | 48.8 | 520 | 49.9 | 200 | 46.1 | 0.181 |
Yes | 756 | 51.2 | 522 | 50.1 | 234 | 53.9 | ||
Diabetes e | No | 1277 | 86.5 | 890 | 85.4 | 387 | 89.2 | 0.054 |
Yes | 199 | 13.5 | 152 | 14.6 | 47 | 10.8 | ||
Residence area | Urban | 1042 | 70.6 | |||||
Rural | 434 | 29.4 |
Variables | Prevalence | Diagnosis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | χ2 Test p-Values | n | % | χ2 Test p-Values | ||
Total | 513 | 34.8 | 325 | 22.0 | |||
Age group (year) | 50–59 | 82 | 14.9 | <0.001 | 61 | 11.1 | <0.001 |
60–69 | 165 | 32.7 | 126 | 25.0 | |||
≥70 | 266 | 63.5 | 138 | 32.9 | |||
Educational level | ≤Middle school | 472 | 39.9 | <0.001 | 325 | 23.2 | 0.033 |
≥High school | 41 | 14.0 | 51 | 17.4 | |||
Basic livelihood condition | Non-beneficiaries | 448 | 33.1 | <0.001 | 294 | 21.9 | 0.318 |
Beneficiaries | 65 | 53.7 | 31 | 25.6 | |||
Physical activity | No | 426 | 36.1 | 0.027 | 252 | 21.4 | 0.234 |
Yes | 87 | 29.3 | 73 | 24.6 | |||
Obesity | No | 500 | 35.6 | 0.004 | 314 | 22.3 | 0.192 |
Yes | 13 | 18.6 | 11 | 15.7 | |||
Hypertension | No | 224 | 31.1 | 0.004 | 151 | 21.0 | 0.344 |
Yes | 289 | 38.2 | 174 | 23.0 | |||
Diabetes | No | 453 | 35.5 | 0.142 | 272 | 21.3 | 0.091 |
Yes | 60 | 30.2 | 53 | 26.6 | |||
Residence area | Urban | 331 | 31.8 | <0.001 | 222 | 21.3 | 0.305 |
Rural | 182 | 41.9 | 103 | 23.7 |
Variables | Prevalence | Diagnosis Rate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-Values | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-Values | ||
Age group (year) | 50–59 | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
60–69 | 2.62 | (1.92–3.57) | <0.001 | 2.81 | (1.99–3.98) | <0.001 | |
≥70 | 8.83 | (6.33–12.32) | <0.001 | 4.33 | (3.00–6.24) | <0.001 | |
Educational level | ≥High school | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
≤Middle school | 2.47 | (1.69–3.62) | <0.001 | 0.92 | (0.64–1.32) | 0.637 | |
Basic livelihood condition | Non-beneficiaries | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Beneficiaries | 1.51 | (0.99–2.30) | 0.057 | 0.96 | (0.61–1.50) | 0.847 | |
Physical activity | No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Yes | 0.77 | (0.56–1.04) | 0.091 | 1.33 | (0.97–1.81) | 0.072 | |
Obesity | No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Yes | 0.33 | (0.17–0.63) | 0.001 | 0.60 | (0.31–1.18) | 0.139 | |
Hypertension | No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Yes | 0.92 | (0.72–1.19) | 0.529 | 0.86 | (0.66–1.12) | 0.269 | |
Diabetes | No | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Yes | 0.54 | (0.37–0.77) | 0.001 | 1.17 | (0.82–1.67) | 0.396 | |
Residence area | Urban | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Rural | 1.41 | (1.11–1.71) | 0.001 | 1.01 | (0.76–1.34) | 0.927 |
Models a | Residence Area | Dependent Variables | Independent Variable (Basic Livelihood Condition) | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p-Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Urban | Prevalence | Non-beneficiaries | Ref. | ||
Beneficiaries | 1.24 | (0.71–2.17) | 0.447 | |||
Model 2 | Diagnosis rate | Non-beneficiaries | Ref. | |||
Beneficiaries | 1.34 | (0.76–2.37) | 0.305 | |||
Model 3 | Rural | Prevalence | Non-beneficiaries | Ref. | ||
Beneficiaries | 2.08 | (1.06–4.10) | 0.033 | |||
Model 4 | Diagnosis rate | Non-beneficiaries | Ref. | |||
Beneficiaries | 0.56 | (0.27–1.17) | 0.120 |
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Kang, S.-W.; Yang, J.-H.; Shin, W.-C.; Kim, Y.-J.; Choi, M.-H. Influence of Residence Area and Basic Livelihood Conditions on the Prevalence and Diagnosis Experience of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Aged over 50 Years: Evaluation Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189478
Kang S-W, Yang J-H, Shin W-C, Kim Y-J, Choi M-H. Influence of Residence Area and Basic Livelihood Conditions on the Prevalence and Diagnosis Experience of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Aged over 50 Years: Evaluation Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189478
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, Suk-Woong, Ji-Hee Yang, Won-Chul Shin, Yoon-Ji Kim, and Min-Hyeok Choi. 2021. "Influence of Residence Area and Basic Livelihood Conditions on the Prevalence and Diagnosis Experience of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women Aged over 50 Years: Evaluation Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189478