Practice Effects, Test–Retest Reliability, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test in Patients with Schizophrenia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test (RSAT)
2.3.2. Clinical Global Impression Scale–Severity (CGI-S)
2.3.3. Chinese Version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (C-MMSE)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Test–Retest Reliability
2.4.2. Practice Effects
2.4.3. Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participant Subsections
3.2. Test–Retest Reliability
3.3. Practice Effect
3.4. Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 44.0 | 9.2 | |
Onset | 23.3 | 6.5 | |
Psychiatric history in years | 20.7 | 9.2 | |
Education in years | 9.4 | 1.9 | |
C-MMSE | 29.9 | 2.5 | |
Variable | N | % | |
Gender (Male/Female) | 60/41 | 59.4/40.6 | |
CGI-S | Not at all | 11 | 10.9 |
Mild | 52 | 51.5 | |
Borderline | 38 | 37.6 |
Measure | 1st Test M (SD) | 2nd Test M (SD) | Difference M (SD) | p-Values | Effect Size | ICC (95% CI) | SEM | MDC (MDC %) | Heteroscedasticity (Pearson r) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADS | 143.3 (49.7) | 150.3 (53.6) | 7.03 (21.3) | 0.001 * | −0.14 | 0.91 (0.86–0.94) | 14.9 | 41.3 (28.1) | 0.38 |
ADE | 5.8 (7.4) | 4.5 (6.1) | −1.4 (5.1) | 0.008 * | 0.18 | 0.70 (0.59–0.79) | 4.1 | 11.3 (218.9) | 0.58 |
ADA | 95.8 (5.2) | 97.1 (4.5) | 1.2 (3.7) | 0.001 * | −0.24 | 0.69 (0.56–0.79) | 2.9 | 8.0(8.3) | −0.58 |
CSS | 118.3 (38.0) | 129.7 (40.3) | 11.4 (20.1) | 0.000 * | −0.30 | 0.83 (0.66–0.90) | 15.7 | 43.4 (35.0) | 0.28 |
CSE | 10.8 (9.2) | 8.8 (7.8) | −2.1 (6.0) | 0.001 * | 0.23 | 0.73 (0.60–0.82) | 4.8 | 13.3 (135.5) | 0.41 |
CSA | 91.3 (8.5) | 93.4 (7.0) | 2.1 (4.7) | 0.000 * | −0.25 | 0.79 (0.65–0.87) | 3.9 | 10.8 (11.6) | 0.31 |
Author | Year | Participants | Task | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lemay et al. [62] | 2004 | Middle-aged to elderly | RSAT | Speed ICC: 0.82 Accuracy ICC: 0.68 |
Messinis et al. [31] | 2007 | Greek adults | RSAT | Speed ICC: 0.94–0.98 Accuracy ICC: 0.73–0.89 |
Knight et al. [34] | 2010 | Older adults | RSAT | Speed SEM: 7.46–7.93 Speed practice effect: 3.4–6.1 Accuracy SEM: 3.00–3.65 Accuracy practice effect: 0.1–0.3 |
Tang et al. [25] | 2018 | Patients with schizophrenia | SDMT | ICC: 0.91–0.94 SEM: 3.0–3.8 Effect sizes: 0.02–0.35 |
T-SDMT | ICC: 0.89–0.94 SEM: 2.5–3.3 Effect sizes: 0.07–0.43 | |||
Muliady et al. [66] | 2019 | Patients with schizophrenia | BACS-I | ICC: 0.94 |
Chen et al. [67] | 2020 | Patients with schizophrenia | CPT-IP | ICC: 0.62–0.88 MDC%: 33.8–110.8 Effect sizes: −0.13–0.24 |
Shih et al. [68] | 2021 | Patients with schizophrenia | SHTA | ICC: 0.67 MDC%: 12.1 |
Chiu et al. [69] | 2021 | Patients with schizophrenia | WCST | ICC: 0.7 MDC: 3.3–42.0 Effect sizes: 0.03–0.13 |
Chen et al. [70] | 2021 | Patients with schizophrenia | TONI-4 | ICC: 0.73 MDC: 5.1, MDC%: 14.2 Effect sizes: −0.03 |
The Presented Methods | 2021 | Patients with schizophrenia | RSAT | ICC: 0.69–0.91 MDC: 8.0–43.4, MDC%: 8.3–218.9 Effect sizes: −0.14–0.30 |
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Lee, P.; Li, P.-C.; Liu, C.-H.; Lin, H.-Y.; Huang, C.-Y.; Hsieh, C.-L. Practice Effects, Test–Retest Reliability, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test in Patients with Schizophrenia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189440
Lee P, Li P-C, Liu C-H, Lin H-Y, Huang C-Y, Hsieh C-L. Practice Effects, Test–Retest Reliability, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test in Patients with Schizophrenia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189440
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Posen, Ping-Chia Li, Chin-Hsuan Liu, Hung-Yu Lin, Chien-Yu Huang, and Ching-Lin Hsieh. 2021. "Practice Effects, Test–Retest Reliability, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Ruff 2 and 7 Selective Attention Test in Patients with Schizophrenia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9440. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189440