The Effect of Night Duty of Pharmacists on Sleepiness and Concentration at Daytime
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Actimetry
2.3. Daytime Sleepiness and Concentration Ability
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Sleep Time and Sleep Efficiency
3.3. Mobility during the Night
3.4. Daytime Sleepiness
3.5. Concentration
3.6. Correlations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean | SD | Median | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSQI | 2.18 | 0.96 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
Age | 46.45 | 9.62 | 45.50 | 27 | 60 |
Body weight (kg) | 72 | 16.05 | 68.50 | 52 | 102 |
Height (m) | 1.72 | 0.09 | 1.70 | 1.59 | 1.91 |
BMI (kg/m²) | 24.24 | 4.29 | 23.47 | 18.91 | 37.18 |
Variable | Time | Type of Night | Mean | SD | Median | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep time | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | Total | 323.53 | 65.70 | 316.50 | 168 | 468 |
Night shift | 287.32 | 48.55 | 287 | 168 | 361 | ||
Control night | 359.74 | 61.21 | 361 | 257 | 468 | ||
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | Total | 270.37 | 50.44 | 265 | 146 | 375 | |
Night shift | 246 | 43.07 | 253 | 146 | 301 | ||
Control night | 294.74 | 46.06 | 284 | 217 | 375 | ||
12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | Total | 211.50 | 35.01 | 207.50 | 120 | 282 | |
Night shift | 201.16 | 32.41 | 203 | 120 | 252 | ||
Control night | 221.84 | 35.27 | 215 | 173 | 282 | ||
Sleep efficiency | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | Total | 67.41 | 13.68 | 65.95 | 35 | 97.50 |
Night shift | 59.86 | 10.11 | 59.80 | 35 | 75.20 | ||
Control night | 74.95 | 12.74 | 75.20 | 53.50 | 97.50 | ||
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | Total | 70.40 | 13.14 | 69.10 | 38 | 97.70 | |
Night shift | 64.05 | 11.21 | 65.90 | 38 | 78.40 | ||
Control night | 76.76 | 12 | 74 | 56.50 | 97.70 | ||
12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | Total | 73.78 | 11.96 | 72.70 | 41.80 | 97.90 | |
Night shift | 69.88 | 11.28 | 70.50 | 41.80 | 87.50 | ||
Control night | 77.68 | 11.62 | 74.70 | 62.50 | 97.90 | ||
Immobile minutes | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | Total | 357.16 | 61.92 | 353 | 201 | 476 |
Night shift | 322.58 | 50.05 | 328 | 201 | 405 | ||
Control night | 391.74 | 53.39 | 395 | 291 | 476 | ||
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | Total | 297.82 | 47.33 | 306 | 173 | 381 | |
Night shift | 273.63 | 45.14 | 285 | 173 | 338 | ||
Control night | 322 | 36.51 | 322 | 247 | 381 | ||
12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | Total | 232.50 | 31.30 | 235 | 143 | 286 | |
Night shift | 223.05 | 32.66 | 231 | 143 | 267 | ||
Control night | 241.95 | 27.55 | 240 | 193 | 286 | ||
Mobile minutes | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | Total | 73.92 | 38.51 | 73 | 4 | 176 |
Night shift | 84 | 36.28 | 73 | 43 | 176 | ||
Control night | 63.84 | 38.95 | 71 | 4 | 155 | ||
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | Total | 55.97 | 25.81 | 58 | 3 | 107 | |
Night shift | 61.63 | 22.92 | 57 | 23 | 107 | ||
Control night | 50.32 | 27.87 | 59 | 3 | 102 | ||
12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | Total | 42.55 | 20.45 | 43 | 2 | 95 | |
Night shift | 48.11 | 16.17 | 52 | 19 | 81 | ||
Control night | 37 | 23.08 | 36 | 2 | 95 |
Variable | Time | Mean (SD) | t | p | 95% CI | Cohen’s d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Night Shift | Control Night | Difference | ||||||
Sleep time | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | 287.32 (48.55) | 359.74 (61.22) | −72.42 (61.86) | −5.10 | <0.001 | [−102.24; −42.61] | −1.30 |
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | 246 (43.07) | 294.74 (46.06) | −48.74 (58.68) | −3.62 | 0.002 | [−77.01; −20.46] | −1.09 | |
12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | 201.16 (32.41) | 221.84 (35.27) | −20.68 (46.97) | −1.92 | 0.071 | [−43.32; 1.95] | −0.61 | |
Sleep efficiency | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | 59.86 (10.11) | 74.95 (12.74) | −15.08 (12.88) | −5.10 | <0.001 | [−21.29; −8.87] | −1.30 |
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | 64.05 (11.21) | 76.76 (12) | −12.71 (15.26) | −3.63 | 0.002 | [−20.06; −5.36] | −1.09 | |
12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | 69.88 (11.28) | 77.68 (11.62) | −7.8 (16.04) | −2.12 | 0.048 | [−15.53; −0.07] | −0.68 | |
Immobile minutes | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | 322.58 (50.05) | 391.74 (53.39) | −69.16 (47.30) | −6.37 | < 0.001 | [−91.95; −46.36] | −1.33 |
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | 273.63 (45.14) | 322 (36.51) | −48.37 (48.23) | −4.37 | < 0.001 | [−71.62; −25.12] | −1.17 | |
12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | 223.05 (32.66) | 241.95 (27.55) | −18.89 (38.30) | −2.15 | 0.045 | [−37.36; −0.43] | −0.62 | |
Mobile minutes | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | 84 (36.28) | 63.84 (38.95) | 20.16 (55.69) | 1.58 | 0.132 | [−6.68; 47] | 0.54 |
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | 61.63 (22.92) | 50.32 (27.87) | 11.32 (32.45) | 1.52 | 0.146 | [−4.32; 26.96] | 0.44 | |
12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | 48.11 (16.17) | 37 (23.08) | 11.11 (23.19) | 2.09 | 0.051 | [−0.07; 22.28] | 0.55 |
Variable | Type of Night | Mean | SD | Median | Minimum | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ESS | Total | 6.86 | 5.44 | 6.50 | 0 | 17 | |
Night shift | 11.64 | 3.05 | 12 | 4 | 17 | ||
Control night | 2.09 | 1.87 | 2 | 0 | 7 | ||
Karolinska | Total | 4.59 | 2.32 | 5 | 2 | 9 | |
Night shift | 6.77 | 0.81 | 7 | 6 | 9 | ||
Control night | 2.41 | 0.59 | 2 | 2 | 4 | ||
d2-R | BZO | Total | 259.02 | 24.52 | 259.50 | 204 | 301 |
Night shift | 245.68 | 22.37 | 251.50 | 204 | 301 | ||
Control night | 272.36 | 18.93 | 276.50 | 208 | 299 | ||
AF | Total | 12.55 | 9.33 | 10 | 1 | 46 | |
Night shift | 15.95 | 10.41 | 14 | 2 | 46 | ||
Control night | 9.14 | 6.76 | 6 | 1 | 28 | ||
VF | Total | 5.82 | 4.47 | 5 | 0 | 17 | |
Night shift | 8.77 | 4.19 | 9 | 0 | 17 | ||
Control night | 2.86 | 2.27 | 2.50 | 0 | 7 | ||
KL | Total | 240.66 | 28.11 | 244 | 180 | 282 | |
Night shift | 220.95 | 21.41 | 228 | 180 | 248 | ||
Control night | 260.36 | 18.59 | 266 | 207 | 282 | ||
F% | Total | 7.15 | 4.73 | 6.70 | 0.10 | 21 | |
Night shift | 9.95 | 4.79 | 8.75 | 2.40 | 21 | ||
Control night | 4.35 | 2.54 | 4.05 | 0.10 | 11 |
Variable | Mean (SD) | t | p | 95% CI | Cohen’s d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Night Shift | Control Night | Difference | ||||||
ESS | 11.64 (3.05) | 2.09 (1.87) | 9.55 (3.94) | 11.37 | <0.001 | [7.80; 11.29] | 3.81 | |
Karolinska | 6.77 (0.81) | 2.41 (0.59) | 4.36 (1.18) | 17.39 | <0.001 | [3.84; 4.89] | 6.19 | |
d2-R | BZO | 245.68 (22.37) | 272.36 (18.93) | −26.68 (15.64) | −8.00 | <0.001 | [−33.62; −19.75] | −1.27 |
AF | 15.95 (10.41) | 9.14 (6.76) | 6.82 (6.40) | 4.99 | <0.001 | [3.98; 9.66] | 0.67 | |
VF | 8.77 (4.19) | 2.86 (2.27) | 5.91 (3.78) | 7.34 | <0.001 | [4.23; 7.58] | 1.65 | |
KL | 220.95 (21.41) | 260.36 (18.59) | −39.41 (15.71) | −11.77 | <0.001 | [−46.37; −32.44] | −1.94 | |
F% | 9.95 (4.79) | 4.35 (2.54) | 5.60 (3.57) | 7.37 | <0.001 | [4.02; 7.19] | 1.25 |
Variable | Sleep Time | Sleep Efficiency | d2-R | ESS | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | 12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | 12 a.m. to 6 a.m. | BZO | AF | VF | KL | F% | |||
Sleep time | 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | 0.95 ** | |||||||||||
[0.87. 0.98] | |||||||||||||
0 a.m. to 6 a.m. | 0.86 ** | 0.93 ** | |||||||||||
[0.67. 0.95] | [0.82. 0.97] | ||||||||||||
Sleep efficiency | 10 p.m. to 8 a.m. | 1.00 ** | 0.95 ** | 0.86 ** | |||||||||
[1.00. 1.00] | [0.87. 0.98] | [0.67. 0.95] | |||||||||||
11 p.m. to 7 a.m. | 0.95 ** | 1.00 ** | 0.93 ** | 0.95 ** | |||||||||
[0.88. 0.98] | [1.00. 1.00] | [0.82. 0.97] | [0.88. 0.98] | ||||||||||
0 a.m. to 6 a.m. | 0.86 ** | 0.93 ** | 1.00 ** | 0.86 ** | 0.93 ** | ||||||||
[0.67. 0.95] | [0.82. 0.97] | [1.00. 1.00] | [0.67. 0.95] | [0.83. 0.97] | |||||||||
d2-R | BZO | −0.34 | −0.24 | −0.12 | −0.33 | −0.24 | −0.12 | ||||||
[−0.69. 0.14] | [−0.63. 0.24] | [−0.55. 0.35] | [−0.68. 0.14] | [−0.63. 0.24] | [−0.55. 0.35] | ||||||||
AF | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.20 | ||||||
[−0.34. 0.55] | [−0.28. 0.60] | [−0.31. 0.58] | [−0.34. 0.55] | [−0.28. 0.60] | [−0.31. 0.58] | [−0.28. 0.60] | |||||||
VF | −0.59 ** | −0.40 | −0.32 | −0.59 ** | −0.41 | −0.32 | 0.36 | 0.17 | |||||
[−0.82. −0.18] | [−0.73. 0.06] | [−0.67. 0.16] | [−0.82. −0.18] | [−0.73. 0.06] | [−0.68. 0.16] | [−0.11. 0.70] | [−0.31. 0.58] | ||||||
KL | −0.30 | −0.27 | −0.15 | −0.30 | −0.27 | −0.15 | 0.86 ** | −0.31 | 0.11 | ||||
[−0.66. 0.18] | [−0.64. 0.21] | [−0.57. 0.33] | [−0.66. 0.18] | [−0.64. 0.21] | [−0.57. 0.32] | [0.66. 0.94] | [−0.67. 0.17] | [−0.36. 0.54] | |||||
F% | −0.01 | 0.10 | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.92 ** | 0.44 | −0.47 * | |||
[−0.46. 0.45] | [−0.37. 0.53] | [−0.38. 0.52] | [−0.46. 0.45] | [−0.38. 0.53] | [−0.38. 0.52] | [−0.42. 0.49] | [0.80. 0.97] | [−0.02. 0.75] | [−0.76. −0.02] | ||||
ESS | −0.22 | −0.15 | −0.06 | −0.22 | −0.15 | −0.05 | −0.05 | 0.41 | 0.44 | −0.33 | 0.59 ** | ||
[−0.61. 0.26] | [−0.57. 0.33] | [−0.50. 0.41] | [−0.61. 0.26] | [−0.57. 0.33] | [−0.49. 0.41] | [−0.50. 0.41] | [−0.05. 0.73] | [−0.02. 0.74] | [−0.68. 0.15] | [0.18. 0.82] | |||
Karolinska | −0.40 | −0.25 | −0.26 | −0.40 | −0.25 | −0.26 | 0.15 | 0.45 | 0.61 ** | −0.17 | 0.58 ** | 0.58 ** | |
[−0.72. 0.06] | [−0.63. 0.23] | [−0.64. 0.22] | [−0.72. 0.06] | [−0.63. 0.23] | [−0.64. 0.22] | [−0.32. 0.57] | [−0.00. 0.75] | [0.21. 0.83] | [−0.58. 0.31] | [0.17. 0.82] | [0.16. 0.82] |
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Biechele, C.W.; Glos, M.; Fietze, I.; Kurths, J.; Penzel, T. The Effect of Night Duty of Pharmacists on Sleepiness and Concentration at Daytime. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179211
Biechele CW, Glos M, Fietze I, Kurths J, Penzel T. The Effect of Night Duty of Pharmacists on Sleepiness and Concentration at Daytime. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179211
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiechele, Claus Werner, Martin Glos, Ingo Fietze, Jürgen Kurths, and Thomas Penzel. 2021. "The Effect of Night Duty of Pharmacists on Sleepiness and Concentration at Daytime" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9211. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179211