Effect of Maternal Factors on Problematic Smartphone Use among Elementary School Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants and Data Collection
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Problematic Smartphone Use
2.3.2. Maternal Mediation
2.3.3. Perception of Mother’s Smartphone Use
2.3.4. Mother–Child Communication
2.3.5. Parenting Style
2.3.6. General Characteristics
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethics Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Difference in General and Smartphone Use Characteristics According to Normal and Risk Group of PSU
3.2. Comparing Maternal Factors between Normal and Risk PSU Groups
3.3. Relationship between Research Variables
3.4. Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression for PSU-Related Maternal Factors in Elementary School Students
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Total (n = 184) | Normal Group (n = 151, 82.1%) | Risk Group (n = 33, 17.9%) | χ2 or t | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) or Mean (SD) | N (%) or Mean (SD) | N (%) or Mean (SD) | |||||||
Gender | Boy | 82 | (44.6) | 71 | (86.6) | 11 | (13.4) | 2.05 | 0.152 |
Girl | 102 | (55.4) | 80 | (78.4) | 22 | (21.6) | |||
Grade | 4th | 34 | (18.5) | 30 | (88.2) | 4 | (11.8) | 1.11 | 0.576 |
5th | 55 | (29.9) | 44 | (80.0) | 11 | (20.0) | |||
6th | 95 | (51.6) | 77 | (81.1) | 18 | (19.0) | |||
Perceived maternal control | Hardly ever | 15 | (8.1) | 8 | (53.3) | 7 | (46.7) | 9.16 | 0.010 |
Occasionally | 103 | (56.0) | 87 | (84.5) | 16 | (15.5) | |||
Frequently | 66 | (35.9) | 56 | (82.1) | 10 | (15.2) | |||
Age (years) | 11.34 | (0.88) | 11.31 | (0.88) | 11.45 | (0.91) | −0.84 | 0.401 | |
Age of owning first smartphone (years) | 9.92 | (1.55) | 9.98 | (1.55) | 9.67 | (1.56) | 1.05 | 0.293 | |
Smartphone usage duration by period (hours) | Weekdays | 3.10 | (2.31) | 2.66 | (1.91) | 5.10 | (2.91) | −4.61 | <0.001 |
Weekends | 4.93 | (3.42) | 4.28 | (2.79) | 7.87 | (4.40) | −4.50 | <0.001 | |
Smartphone usage time by purpose (hours/day) | Online games | 1.32 | (1.29) | 1.27 | (1.27) | 1.52 | (1.37) | −0.99 | 0.326 |
SNS | 0.92 | (1.22) | 0.74 | (1.03) | 1.73 | (1.66) | −3.28 | 0.002 | |
Chatting | 1.05 | (1.22) | 0.94 | (1.01) | 1.59 | (1.83) | −1.98 | 0.056 | |
Video clips | 2.24 | (2.14) | 2.01 | (1.98) | 3.28 | (2.58) | −2.66 | 0.011 |
Variables | Normal Group (n = 151, 82.1%) | Risk Group (n = 33, 17.9%) | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||||
PSU | ||||||
Disturbance of adaptive functions | 1.95 | (0.41) | 2.83 | (0.42) | −11.05 | <0.001 |
Virtual life orientation | 2.48 | (0.46) | 2.45 | (0.59) | 0.26 | 0.793 |
Withdrawal | 1.66 | (0.47) | 2.42 | (0.77) | −5.46 | <0.001 |
Tolerance | 2.12 | (0.54) | 3.18 | (0.52) | −10.38 | <0.001 |
Maternal mediation | ||||||
Active use mediation (range 0–5) | 2.11 | (1.46) | 2.03 | (1.49) | 0.29 | 0.770 |
Active safety mediation (range 0–6) | 3.09 | (2.06) | 2.58 | (2.12) | 1.29 | 0.201 |
Monitoring (range 0–4) | 0.80 | (1.11) | 0.52 | (0.94) | 1.35 | 0.180 |
Technical mediation (range 0–3) | 0.89 | (1.11) | 0.52 | (1.00) | 1.81 | 0.072 |
Restrictive mediation (range 0–6) | 0.91 | (1.07) | 0.73 | (1.07) | 0.91 | 0.370 |
Perception of mother’s smartphone use | 6.78 | (2.29) | 7.42 | (2.21) | −1.47 | 0.143 |
Mother–child communication | ||||||
Openness | 35.73 | (7.44) | 33.94 | (8.33) | 1.23 | 0.222 |
Problems | 21.38 | (6.77) | 25.97 | (7.69) | −3.44 | 0.001 |
Parenting style | ||||||
Monitoring | 12.94 | (2.20) | 12.06 | (2.95) | 1.62 | 0.113 |
Reasoning | 14.97 | (3.15) | 14.36 | (3.03) | 1.01 | 0.312 |
Inconsistency | 8.76 | (2.57) | 9.88 | (2.37) | −2.31 | 0.022 |
Over-expectation | 11.59 | (3.96) | 12.76 | (3.74) | −1.55 | 0.123 |
Intrusiveness | 14.40 | (4.45) | 15.76 | (4.55) | −1.58 | 0.115 |
Affection | 20.38 | (3.31) | 18.70 | (4.19) | 2.51 | 0.013 |
Variables | (1) PSU | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(2) | Age of owning first smartphone | 0.07 | |||||||||||||||||||
(3) | Smartphone usage time by purpose | Online games | 0.08 | −0.05 | |||||||||||||||||
(4) | SNS | 0.27 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.22 ** | |||||||||||||||||
(5) | Chatting | 0.14 | 0.29 ** | 0.13 | 0.53 ** | ||||||||||||||||
(6) | Videoclips | 0.23 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.37 ** | |||||||||||||||
(7) | Maternal mediation | Active use mediation | −0.02 | 0.08 | −0.09 | 0.00 | 0.09 | −0.05 | |||||||||||||
(8) | Active safety mediation | −0.10 | −0.14 | −0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 | −0.13 | 0.39 ** | |||||||||||||
(9) | Monitoring | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.08 | −0.10 | −0.13 | −0.15 * | 0.33 ** | 0.28 ** | ||||||||||||
(10) | Technical mediation | −0.15 * | −0.05 | −0.17 * | −0.17 * | −0.16 * | −0.24 ** | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.49 ** | |||||||||||
(11) | Restrictive mediation | −0.09 | −0.21 ** | −0.04 | −0.13 | −0.08 | −0.09 | −0.01 | 0.18 * | 0.24 ** | 0.09 | ||||||||||
(12) | Perception of mother’s smartphone use | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.16 * | 0.05 | 0.15 * | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.07 | −0.03 | −0.12 | |||||||||
(13) | Mother–child communication | Openness | −0.09 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.09 | −0.12 | 0.32 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.09 | −0.06 | 0.13 | −0.22 ** | |||||||
(14) | Problems | 0.23 ** | 0.14 | 0.04 | 0.18 * | 0.00 | 0.12 | −0.05 | −0.23 ** | 0.05 | 0.03 | −0.11 | 0.32 ** | −0.59 ** | |||||||
(15) | Parenting style | Monitoring | −0.12 | −0.09 | −0.16 * | −0.25 ** | −0.15 * | −0.11 | 0.21 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.18 * | 0.12 | 0.21 ** | −0.06 | 0.40 ** | −0.32 ** | |||||
(16) | Reasoning | −0.08 | −0.05 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.23 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.07 | −0.03 | 0.11 | −0.17 * | 0.53 ** | −0.42 ** | 0.40 ** | |||||
(17) | Inconsistency | 0.19 * | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.12 | −0.05 | 0.06 | −0.05 | −0.08 | 0.04 | −0.01 | −0.10 | 0.25 ** | −0.37 ** | 0.64 ** | −0.22 ** | −0.37 ** | ||||
(18) | Over-expectation | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.18 * | 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.01 | 0.11 | 0.07 | −0.10 | 0.03 | −0.15 * | 0.33 ** | −0.17 * | −0.11 | 0.47 ** | |||
(19) | Intrusiveness | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.13 | −0.07 | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.07 | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.28 ** | −0.44 ** | 0.66 ** | −0.21 ** | −0.34 ** | 0.56 ** | 0.45 ** | ||
(20) | Affection | −0.17 * | −0.06 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.07 | 0.19 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.13 | −0.25 ** | 0.68 ** | −0.61 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.59 ** | −0.37 ** | −0.22 ** | −0.51 ** |
Variables | Categories | OR | (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived maternal control | Hardly ever (vs. Frequently) | 5.10 | (1.33,19.60) | 0.018 |
Smartphone usage time by purpose (hours/day) | SNS | 1.52 | (1.10, 2.01) | 0.011 |
Mother–child communication | Problems | 1.07 | (1.00, 1.14) | 0.035 |
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Lee, E.J.; Kim, H.S. Effect of Maternal Factors on Problematic Smartphone Use among Elementary School Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179182
Lee EJ, Kim HS. Effect of Maternal Factors on Problematic Smartphone Use among Elementary School Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179182
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Eun Jee, and Hee Sun Kim. 2021. "Effect of Maternal Factors on Problematic Smartphone Use among Elementary School Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9182. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179182