Coping with Adversity: Resilience Dynamics of Livestock Farmers in Two Agroecological Zones of Ghana
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Study Site
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Factors Influencing Resilience of Cattle Farmers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Resilience Facet | Questions | Strongly Disagree | Strongly Agree | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-reliance | I usually manage one way or another | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
I feel that I can handle many things at a time | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
I can get through difficult times because I have experienced difficulty before | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
In an emergency, I am someone people can generally rely on | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
When I am in a difficult situation, I can usually find my way out of it | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Purpose | I feel proud that I have accomplished things in my life | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
I keep interested in things | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
My life has meaning | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Equanimity | I usually take things in stride | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
I can usually find something to laugh about | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Perseverance | I am determined | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Self-discipline is important | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Authenticity | I am friends with myself | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
My belief in myself gets me through hard times | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Variable | Number of Items | Mean (SD)—BY | Mean (SD)—KAPS | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resilience | 14 | 70.3 (8.4) | 72.0 (7.8) | 0.064 |
Self-reliance | 5 | 25.5 (3.4) | 25.8 (3.2) | 0.387 |
Purpose | 3 | 14.9 (1.9) | 15.3 (2.0) | 0.117 |
Equanimity | 2 | 9.7 (1.5) | 9.5 (1.6) | 0.269 |
Perseverance | 2 | 10.3 (1.5) | 11.0 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Authenticity | 2 | 9.9 (1.5) | 10.5 (1.6) | <0.001 |
Resilience | |||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | Slope | 95% (CI) | p-Value |
Sex of farmer | |||
Female | ref | ||
Male | −1.82 | (−5.63, 1.99) | 0.348 |
Highest level of education | |||
No formal education | ref | ||
Basic education | 1.13 | (−0.99, 3.24) | 0.295 |
Secondary school education | −2.77 | (−5.61, 0.07) | 0.056 |
Tertiary education | 5.49 | (0.99, 9.99) | 0.017 |
Marital status | |||
Not married | ref | ||
Married | −1.67 | (−5.23, 1.89) | 0.358 |
District | |||
Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo | ref | ||
Kwahu Afram Plains South | 1.78 | (−0.11, 3.67) | 0.064 |
Age of farmer | 0.22 | (0.14, 0.30) | <0.001 |
Number in household | 0.42 | (0.24, 0.60) | <0.001 |
Number of cattle in the herd | 0.05 | (0.03, 0.07) | <0.001 |
Childhood experience with raising livestock | |||
No | ref | ||
Yes | 4.53 | (2.53, 6.52) | <0.001 |
Farmer type | |||
Pastoralist | ref | ||
Agro-pastoralist | −2.55 | (−5.84, 0.74) | 0.128 |
Number of adverse events experienced | 0.04 | (−0.51, 0.60) | 0.874 |
Total number of cattle lost | 0.26 | (0.15, 0.37) | <0.001 |
Proportion of cattle lost | 0.09 | (0.02, 0.16) | 0.008 |
Number of support interventions received | 0.03 | (−0.54, 0.60) | 0.918 |
Unadjusted Model | Adjusted Model | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | cOR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | p-Value |
Age of farmer | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.007 |
Number in household | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | <0.001 | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 0.134 |
Number of cattle in the herd | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | <0.001 |
Total number of cattle lost | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11) | <0.001 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.749 |
Highest level of education | ||||
No formal education | ref | ref | ||
Basic education | 1.07 (0.63, 1.81) | 0.799 | 1.28 (0.71, 2.31) | 0.415 |
Secondary school education | 0.61 (0.30, 1.26) | 0.182 | 0.79 (0.35, 1.77) | 0.565 |
Tertiary education | 3.37 (0.89, 12.9) | 0.075 | 3.74 (0.83, 16.8) | 0.086 |
Experience with raising livestock | ||||
No | ref | ref | ||
Yes | 3.06 (1.81, 5.20) | <0.001 | 2.81 (1.57, 5.02) | <0.001 |
District | ||||
Bunkpurugu-Yunyoo | ref | ref | ||
Kwahu Afram Plains South | 1.04 (0.66, 1.66) | 0.853 | 0.78 (0.44, 1.38) | 0.395 |
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Nuvey, F.S.; Addo-Lartey, A.; Nortey, P.A.; Addo, K.K.; Bonfoh, B. Coping with Adversity: Resilience Dynamics of Livestock Farmers in Two Agroecological Zones of Ghana. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179008
Nuvey FS, Addo-Lartey A, Nortey PA, Addo KK, Bonfoh B. Coping with Adversity: Resilience Dynamics of Livestock Farmers in Two Agroecological Zones of Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):9008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179008
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuvey, Francis Sena, Adolphina Addo-Lartey, Priscillia Awo Nortey, Kennedy Kwasi Addo, and Bassirou Bonfoh. 2021. "Coping with Adversity: Resilience Dynamics of Livestock Farmers in Two Agroecological Zones of Ghana" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 9008. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179008