Is the Clinical Delivery of Cardiac Rehabilitation in an Australian Setting Associated with Changes in Physical Capacity and Cardiovascular Risk and Are Any Changes Maintained for 12 Months?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Physical Capacity Testing
2.3. Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors
2.4. Exercise Training
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Baseline Demographics
3.2. Short-Term Changes (12 Exercise Sessions)
3.3. Influence of Relative Aerobic Exercise Intensity
3.4. Maintenance of Changes (12-Month Follow-Up)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | All Participants (n = 57) |
---|---|
Sex—Males/Females (n) | 55/2 |
Non-surgical a/Surgical treatment b (n) | 35/22 |
Age (years) | 61.4 ± 10.8 |
Height (cm) | 172.8 ± 7.9 |
Body mass (kg) | 83.3 ± 13.2 |
Time to commencement (days) | 48 ± 35 (range 15–267) |
Length of program (weeks) | 9.1 ± 4.6 (range 5–14) |
Outcome | Target Value | Assessment | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Program (n = 57) | Post-Program (n = 57) | 12-Month Follow-Up (n = 39) | ||
Physical capacity | ||||
CRF [25] | 5 METs | 88% | 96% | 95% |
Age-based norms [26] | At or above population mean values | 4% | 21% | 33% |
Grip strength [27] | Men: 32 kg Women: 20 kg | 79% | 88% | 90% |
Age-based norms [28] | At or above population mean values | 45% | 63% | 59% |
Blood pressure [29,30] | ||||
Systolic | <140 mmHg | 77% | 82% | 77% |
Diastolic | <90 mmHg | 86% | 93% | 85% |
Body composition [31,32] | ||||
Waist circumference | Men: <94 cm Women: <80 cm | 26% | 42% | 33% |
BMI | <25 kg m2 | 14% | 18% | 13% |
Blood profile [31] | ||||
LDL-cholesterol | <2.6 mmol/L | 82% | 91% | 81% |
Lower target | <1.8 mmol/L | 53% | 62% | 44% |
Total cholesterol | <4.5 mmol/L | 89% | 87% | 75% |
HDL-cholesterol | Men: >1.0 mmol/L Women: >1.2 mmol/L | 55% | 74% | 81% |
Triglycerides | <1.7 mmol/L | 85% | 91% | 84% |
Fasting blood glucose | <5.6 mmol/L | 67% | 71% | 77% |
Outcome | Effect of CR Program (n = 57) | Maintenance Following CR Program (n = 39) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Post | Follow-Up | |
Framingham risk score | 13.7 (12.7–14.7) | 12.9 * (12.0–13.8) | 13.3 (12.2–14.4) | 13.4 (12.1–14) |
Physical capacity | ||||
CRF (METs) | 6.5 (6.1–6.8) | 7.4 * (7.1–7.8) | 7.4 (7.0–7.8) | 7.7 (7.2–8.2) |
Grip strength (kg) | 37.7 (35.6–39.9) | 40.6 * (38.3–42.8) | 40.2 (37.3–43.1) | 40.4 (37.7–43.1) |
Body composition | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.0 (27.1–28.9) | 27.9 (27.0–28.8) | 28.0 (26.9–29.0) | 28.5 (27.4–29.7) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 98.6 (95.9–101.2) | 97.0 * (94.4–99.6) | 97.6 (94.3–100.8) | 99.1 (95.6–102.7) |
Blood pressure | ||||
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 75.5 (72.4–78.6) | 76.3 (74.0–78.6) | 76.9 (74.1–79.6) | 77.2 (73.5–80.9) |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.8 (122.6–131.0) | 128.2 (125.0–131.4) | 129.2 (125.2–133.3) | 133.6 (128.7–138.5) |
Blood profile | ||||
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 1.22 * (1.14–1.30) | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | 1.33 (1.22–1.45) |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 2.0 (1.6–2.4) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.5 (3.3–3.7) | 3.4 (3.1–3.6) | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 3.9 (3.5–4.4) |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (0.8–1.7) |
Blood glucose (mmol/L) | 5.4 (5.1–5.6) | 5.2 (5.1–5.4) | 5.2 (5.1–5.5) | 5.2 (5.0–5.5) |
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Price, K.J.; Gordon, B.A.; Bird, S.R.; Benson, A.C. Is the Clinical Delivery of Cardiac Rehabilitation in an Australian Setting Associated with Changes in Physical Capacity and Cardiovascular Risk and Are Any Changes Maintained for 12 Months? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178950
Price KJ, Gordon BA, Bird SR, Benson AC. Is the Clinical Delivery of Cardiac Rehabilitation in an Australian Setting Associated with Changes in Physical Capacity and Cardiovascular Risk and Are Any Changes Maintained for 12 Months? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(17):8950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178950
Chicago/Turabian StylePrice, Kym Joanne, Brett Ashley Gordon, Stephen Richard Bird, and Amanda Clare Benson. 2021. "Is the Clinical Delivery of Cardiac Rehabilitation in an Australian Setting Associated with Changes in Physical Capacity and Cardiovascular Risk and Are Any Changes Maintained for 12 Months?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17: 8950. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178950