Perceived Importance of Public Health Risks in Greece: A Nationwide Survey of the Adult Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Methodology and Data Collection
2.3. Health Risks
2.4. Questionnaire and Definitions
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Total Population
3.2. Analysis by Sex
3.3. Analysis by Age
3.4. Analysis by Smoking Status
3.5. Multivariate Analyses
3.5.1. Perceived Importance of Public Health Risks
3.5.2. Top Three Most Important Public Health Risks
4. Discussion
- The transmission and new emergence of infectious diseases [34]; the highly rated air pollution and environmental protection in the present study reveals the increased environmental awareness of Greek citizens, which is also supported by Drimili et al., who showed a high rate of recycling practice by Athens’ residents [35].
- The increased incidence of natural disaster phenomena that has been associated with climate change and global warming; the frequent earthquake, wildfire and flooding events in Greece possibly explain why one in four respondents considered natural disasters to be a major public health risk. Between 2010 and 2016, 85% of the total burned area in Europe was due to fires in Greece, Spain, Portugal, France and Italy, with over 40,000 fires per year [36], whereas in 2018 a catastrophic fire led to 102 fatalities in Attica, Greece [36]. Despite its mild temperate climate, Greece is not spared from flooding; from 2002 to 2013, 22 flooding events occurred in Greece [37], while during the period 1970–2010, 54 events led to 151 fatalities [38]. In a 2018 survey, the Greek public ranked flood risk third in importance among natural disasters, following earthquakes and wildfires, with females considering flood risk to be more important than males [39], a difference also supported by current study results.
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Model | Explanatory Variables | Odds Ratio | p-Value | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Dependent Variable: Road Accidents | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.53 | <0.001 | 1.23 | 1.90 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.41 | 0.186 | 0.85 | 2.33 | |
35–44 | 1.42 | 0.164 | 0.87 | 2.32 | ||
45–54 | 1.31 | 0.267 | 0.81 | 2.10 | ||
55–64 | 0.82 | 0.369 | 0.52 | 1.27 | ||
65–74 | 1.14 | 0.595 | 0.71 | 1.83 | ||
75+ | 1.02 | 0.953 | 0.53 | 1.96 | ||
Dependent Variable: Air Pollution and Environmental Protection | Sex (reference male) | Female | 2.63 | 0.006 | 1.32 | 5.24 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.24 | 0.457 | 0.70 | 2.20 | |
35–44 | 1.57 | 0.115 | 0.90 | 2.76 | ||
45–54 | 1.71 | 0.057 | 0.98 | 2.97 | ||
55–64 | 1.34 | 0.275 | 0.79 | 2.27 | ||
65–74 | 2.22 | 0.006 | 1.26 | 3.92 | ||
75+ | 0.92 | 0.829 | 0.42 | 2.01 | ||
Age##Sex | Female 25–34 | 0.97 | 0.948 | 0.41 | 2.30 | |
Female 35–44 | 0.90 | 0.814 | 0.39 | 2.11 | ||
Female 45–54 | 0.82 | 0.643 | 0.36 | 1.88 | ||
Female 55–64 | 0.75 | 0.483 | 0.34 | 1.66 | ||
Female 65–74 | 0.34 | 0.010 | 0.15 | 0.77 | ||
Female 75+ | 0.72 | 0.548 | 0.24 | 2.13 | ||
Dependent Variable: Vaccination | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.72 | <0.001 | 1.43 | 2.06 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 0.81 | 0.335 | 0.53 | 1.24 | |
35–44 | 0.75 | 0.173 | 0.49 | 1.14 | ||
45–54 | 0.87 | 0.514 | 0.58 | 1.32 | ||
55–64 | 0.75 | 0.160 | 0.51 | 1.12 | ||
65–74 | 1.01 | 0.964 | 0.66 | 1.53 | ||
75+ | 0.92 | 0.777 | 0.51 | 1.65 | ||
Dependent Variable: Natural Disasters | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.96 | <0.001 | 1.64 | 2.34 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 0.82 | 0.348 | 0.54 | 1.24 | |
35–44 | 1.20 | 0.387 | 0.79 | 1.81 | ||
45–54 | 0.79 | 0.251 | 0.53 | 1.78 | ||
55–64 | 0.92 | 0.665 | 0.62 | 1.35 | ||
65–74 | 0.95 | 0.788 | 0.63 | 1.42 | ||
75+ | 0.68 | 0.163 | 0.40 | 1.17 | ||
Dependent Variable: STDs | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.99 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 2.39 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 0.73 | 0.177 | 0.47 | 1.15 | |
35–44 | 0.52 | 0.004 | 0.34 | 0.81 | ||
45–54 55–64 65–74 | 0.57 | 0.011 | 0.37 | 0.88 | ||
75+ | 0.39 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 0.59 | ||
0.45 | <0.001 | 0.29 | 0.69 | |||
0.50 | 0.015 | 0.29 | 0.87 | |||
Dependent Variable: Diet and Obesity | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.40 | <0.001 | 1.18 | 1.67 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.78 | 0.005 | 1.18 | 2.66 | |
35–44 | 1.57 | 0.023 | 1.07 | 2.32 | ||
45–54 | 1.99 | <0.001 | 1.36 | 2.93 | ||
55–64 | 1.67 | 0.006 | 1.16 | 2.41 | ||
65–74 | 1.93 | 0.001 | 1.31 | 2.84 | ||
75+ | 0.99 | 0.961 | 0.59 | 1.65 | ||
Education (reference Up to secondary) | Higher | 1.28 | 0.010 | 1.06 | 1.54 | |
Dependent Variable: Depression | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.66 | <0.001 | 1.39 | 1.97 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.01 | 0.967 | 0.68 | 1.50 | |
35–44 | 0.93 | 0.732 | 0.63 | 1.38 | ||
45–54 | 1.07 | 0.744 | 0.73 | 1.56 | ||
55–64 | 0.89 | 0.524 | 0.61 | 1.28 | ||
65–74 | 0.79 | 0.241 | 0.54 | 1.17 | ||
75+ | 0.55 | 0.023 | 0.33 | 0.92 | ||
Dependent Variable: Safe Internet Browsing | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.99 | <0.001 | 1.67 | 2.34 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 0.73 | 0.111 | 0.49 | 1.08 | |
35–44 | 1.08 | 0.696 | 0.73 | 1.59 | ||
45–54 | 0.87 | 0.449 | 0.60 | 1.26 | ||
55–64 | 0.85 | 0.371 | 0.59 | 1.22 | ||
65–74 | 0.90 | 0.572 | 0.61 | 1.31 | ||
75+ | 0.67 | 0.128 | 0.41 | 1.12 | ||
Dependent Variable: Alcohol | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.89 | <0.001 | 1.60 | 2.24 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.22 | 0.296 | 0.84 | 1.79 | |
35–44 | 1.62 | 0.011 | 1.12 | 2.35 | ||
45–54 | 1.62 | 0.009 | 1.13 | 2.33 | ||
55–64 | 1.54 | 0.016 | 1.08 | 2.18 | ||
65–74 | 1.94 | <0.001 | 1.34 | 2.81 | ||
75+ | 1.00 | 0.992 | 0.61 | 1.65 | ||
Dependent Variable: Contraception | Sex (reference male) | Female | 2.17 | <0.001 | 1.83 | 2.57 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 0.79 | 0.244 | 0.53 | 1.18 | |
35–44 | 0.72 | 0.10 | 0.49 | 1.07 | ||
45–54 | 0.69 | 0.055 | 0.47 | 1.01 | ||
55–64 | 0.54 | 0.001 | 0.37 | 0.78 | ||
65–74 | 0.54 | 0.002 | 0.36 | 0.79 | ||
75+ | 0.34 | <0.001 | 0.20 | 0.57 | ||
Dependent Variable: Exercise | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.00 | 0.979 | 0.84 | 1.19 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.58 | 0.025 | 1.06 | 2.36 | |
35–44 | 1.47 | 0.052 | 1.00 | 2.18 | ||
45–54 | 1.71 | 0.006 | 1.17 | 2.50 | ||
55–64 | 1.62 | 0.010 | 1.12 | 2.34 | ||
65–74 | 1.66 | 0.010 | 1.13 | 2.44 | ||
75+ | 1.04 | 0.882 | 0.61 | 1.77 | ||
Smoking status (reference non–smoker) | Smoker | 0.74 | 0.002 | 0.61 | 0.89 | |
Dependent Variable: Safety In and Around Water | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.77 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 2.09 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 0.90 | 0.605 | 0.62 | 1.32 | |
35–44 | 1.24 | 0.265 | 0.85 | 1.81 | ||
45–54 | 1.15 | 0.455 | 0.80 | 1.66 | ||
55–64 | 1.04 | 0.833 | 0.73 | 1.48 | ||
65–74 | 1.23 | 0.277 | 0.85 | 1.78 | ||
75+ | 1.22 | 0.451 | 0.73 | 2.03 |
95% Confidence Interval | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Explanatory Variables | Odds Ratio | p-Value | Lower | Upper | |
Cancer | ||||||
Not important vs. Slightly, Moderately and Very important | Sex (reference male) | Female | 0.90 | 0.771 | 0.46 | 1.79 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.01 | 0.991 | 0.92 | 11.19 | |
35–44 | 2.21 | 0.575 | 0.14 | 35.23 | ||
45–54 | 0.31 | 0.267 | 0.39 | 2.45 | ||
55–64 | 0.56 | 0.584 | 0.68 | 4.56 | ||
65–74 | 0.36 | 0.345 | 0.45 | 2.97 | ||
75+ | 1.17 | 0.112 | 0.02 | 1.51 | ||
Not important and Slightly important vs. Moderately and Very important | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.32 | 0.240 | 0.83 | 2.08 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 0.89 | 0.829 | 0.30 | 2.61 | |
35–44 | 1.91 | 0.293 | 0.57 | 6.36 | ||
45–54 | 1.02 | 0.974 | 0.36 | 2.91 | ||
55–64 | 1.00 | 0.998 | 0.36 | 2.76 | ||
65–74 | 0.66 | 0.428 | 0.24 | 1.83 | ||
75+ | 0.48 | 0.245 | 0.14 | 1.64 | ||
Not important, Slightly and Moderately important vs. Very important | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.51 | <0.001 | 1.20 | 1.89 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.29 | 0.337 | 0.77 | 2.15 | |
35–44 | 1.07 | 0.794 | 0.65 | 1.74 | ||
45–54 | 1.54 | 0.086 | 0.94 | 2.54 | ||
55–64 | 1.16 | 0.534 | 0.73 | 1.85 | ||
65–74 | 1.07 | 0.796 | 0.66 | 1.73 | ||
75+ | 1.16 | 0.660 | 0.59 | 2.30 | ||
Smoking | ||||||
Not important vs. Slightly, Moderately and Very important | Sex (reference male) | Female | 0.86 | 0.517 | 0.56 | 1.34 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 2.52 | 0.075 | 0.91 | 6.95 | |
35–44 | 1.68 | 0.260 | 0.68 | 4.12 | ||
45–54 | 1.35 | 0.473 | 0.59 | 3.09 | ||
55–64 | 1.58 | 0.268 | 0.70 | 3.56 | ||
65–74 | 1.47 | 0.379 | 0.62 | 3.48 | ||
75+ | 1.90 | 0.353 | 0.49 | 7.32 | ||
Smoking status (reference non–smoker) | Smoker | 0.66 | 0.082 | 0.42 | 1.05 | |
Not important and Slightly important vs. Moderately and Very important | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.10 | 0.467 | 0.85 | 1.42 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.39 | 0.244 | 0.80 | 2.43 | |
35–44 | 1.37 | 0.256 | 0.80 | 2.36 | ||
45–54 | 1.51 | 0.130 | 0.89 | 2.57 | ||
55–64 | 1.12 | 0.657 | 0.68 | 1.85 | ||
65–74 | 1.90 | 0.026 | 1.08 | 3.34 | ||
75+ | 2.07 | 0.111 | 0.85 | 5.07 | ||
Smoking status (reference non–smoker) | Smoker | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.37 | 0.63 | |
Not important, Slightly and Moderately important vs. Very important | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.08 | 0.413 | 0.90 | 1.30 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.53 | 0.052 | 1.00 | 2.36 | |
35–44 | 1.68 | 0.017 | 1.10 | 2.57 | ||
45–54 | 1.79 | 0.006 | 1.19 | 2.70 | ||
55–64 | 1.32 | 0.175 | 0.88 | 1.95 | ||
65–74 | 1.62 | 0.023 | 1.07 | 2.45 | ||
75+ | 2.47 | 0.003 | 1.35 | 4.51 | ||
Smoking status(reference non–smoker) | Smoker | 0.29 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.35 |
Appendix B
Model | Explanatory Variables | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | p-Value | Lower | Upper | |||
Dependent variable: Road accidents | Sex (reference male) | Female | 0.94 | 0.479 | 0.78 | 1.12 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.23 | 0.319 | 0.82 | 1.86 | |
35–44 | 1.24 | 0.298 | 0.83 | 1.85 | ||
45–54 | 1.52 | 0.037 | 1.03 | 2.25 | ||
55–64 | 1.67 | 0.008 | 1.14 | 2.45 | ||
65–74 | 1.60 | 0.022 | 1.07 | 2.38 | ||
75+ | 1.35 | 0.280 | 0.78 | 2.33 | ||
Dependent variable: Cancer | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.07 | 0.444 | 0.90 | 1.28 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 1.36 | 0.138 | 0.90 | 2.06 | |
35–44 | 1.50 | 0.048 | 1.003 | 2.24 | ||
45–54 | 1.45 | 0.065 | 0.98 | 2.14 | ||
55–64 | 1.49 | 0.040 | 1.02 | 2.17 | ||
65–74 | 1.17 | 0.426 | 0.79 | 1.74 | ||
75+ | 1.20 | 0.506 | 0.70 | 2.06 | ||
Dependent variable: Air pollution and environmental protection | Sex (reference male) | Female | 1.31 | 0.006 | 1.08 | 1.58 |
Age (reference 18–24) | 25–34 | 0.83 | 0.394 | 0.53 | 1.28 | |
35–44 | 0.89 | 0.605 | 0.58 | 1.37 | ||
45–54 | 0.84 | 0.426 | 0.56 | 1.28 | ||
55–64 | 0.96 | 0.853 | 0.65 | 1.44 | ||
65–74 | 0.86 | 0.487 | 0.57 | 1.31 | ||
75+ | 0.61 | 0.106 | 0.33 | 1.11 |
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Variable | n = 1976 |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 48% |
Female | 52% |
Age | |
18–24 | 7% |
25–34 | 14% |
35–44 | 16% |
45–54 | 19% |
55–64 | 24% |
65–74 | 17% |
75+ | 4% |
Education | |
Up to secondary education | 50% |
Higher education | 50% |
Public Health Risks | p-Value |
---|---|
Cancer | 0.002 |
Road accidents | 0.002 |
Air pollution and environmental protection | <0.001 |
Vaccination | <0.001 |
Natural disasters | <0.001 |
STDs | <0.001 |
Smoking | 0.529 |
Diet and obesity | 0.001 |
Depression | <0.001 |
Safe internet browsing | <0.001 |
Alcohol | <0.001 |
Contraception | <0.001 |
Exercise | 0.265 |
Safety in and around water | <0.001 |
Public Health Risk | Males | Females | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Road accidents | 60% | 58% | 0.488 |
Cancer | 55% | 57% | 0.466 |
Air pollution and environmental protection | 29% | 34% | 0.007 |
Smoking | 27% | 19% | <0.001 |
Natural disasters | 25% | 30% | 0.005 |
Depression | 20% | 20% | 0.893 |
Diet and obesity | 20% | 16% | 0.045 |
Vaccination | 17% | 20% | 0.102 |
Exercise | 10% | 5% | <0.001 |
Alcohol | 8% | 8% | 0.963 |
STDs | 6% | 8% | 0.071 |
Safe internet browsing | 6% | 7% | 0.295 |
Contraception | 3% | 4% | 0.165 |
Safety in and around water | 1% | 1% | 0.345 |
Public Health Risks | p-Value |
---|---|
Road accidents | 0.02 |
Cancer | 0.093 |
Air pollution and environmental protection | 0.176 |
Diet and obesity | 0.003 |
Exercise | 0.047 |
Natural disasters | 0.139 |
Vaccination | 0.221 |
STDs | 0.003 |
Depression | 0.335 |
Safe internet browsing | 0.716 |
Smoking | 0.023 |
Alcohol | 0.056 |
Contraception | <0.001 |
Safety in and around water | 0.859 |
Public Health Risks | 18–24 | 25–34 | 35–44 | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65–74 | 75+ | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Road accidents | 50% | 56% | 56% | 61% | 63% | 62% | 58% | 0.072 |
Cancer | 48% | 56% | 58% | 57% | 58% | 52% | 53% | 0.29 |
Air pollution and environmental protection | 35% | 30% | 32% | 31% | 34% | 31% | 25% | 0.722 |
Diet and obesity | 9% | 20% | 18% | 20% | 18% | 18% | 19% | 0.17 |
Exercise | 4% | 10% | 8% | 7% | 7% | 10% | 4% | 0.117 |
Natural disasters | 32% | 20% | 33% | 25% | 30% | 27% | 31% | 0.01 |
Vaccination | 26% | 23% | 18% | 16% | 15% | 20% | 26% | 0.009 |
STDs | 18% | 14% | 6% | 8% | 4% | 3% | 9% | <0.001 |
Depression | 16% | 25% | 19% | 20% | 19% | 19% | 16% | 0.274 |
Safe internet browsing | 9% | 5% | 9% | 5% | 6% | 8% | 4% | 0.188 |
Smoking | 19% | 22% | 19% | 24% | 22% | 26% | 38% | 0.012 |
Alcohol | 6% | 7% | 6% | 8% | 10% | 8% | 7% | 0.653 |
Contraception | 6% | 2% | 5% | 5% | 1% | 2% | 1% | 0.002 |
Safety in and around water | 2% | 1% | 1% | 0% | 1% | 0.256 |
Public Health Risks | p-Value |
---|---|
Cancer | 0.542 |
Diet and obesity | 0.002 |
Exercise | 0.025 |
Depression | 0.320 |
Smoking | <0.001 |
Alcohol | 0.267 |
Public Health Risk | Non-Smokers | Smokers | DK/NA | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer | 55% | 58% | 47% | 0.252 |
Diet and obesity | 20% | 14% | 17% | 0.011 |
Exercise | 8% | 7% | 6% | 0.760 |
Depression | 18% | 24% | 25% | 0.002 |
Smoking | 28% | 10% | 17% | <0.001 |
Alcohol | 7% | 10% | 8% | 0.115 |
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Tzortzi, A.; Kapetanstrataki, M.; Rachiotis, G.; Evangelopoulou, V.; Leventou, E.; Behrakis, P. Perceived Importance of Public Health Risks in Greece: A Nationwide Survey of the Adult Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168256
Tzortzi A, Kapetanstrataki M, Rachiotis G, Evangelopoulou V, Leventou E, Behrakis P. Perceived Importance of Public Health Risks in Greece: A Nationwide Survey of the Adult Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(16):8256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168256
Chicago/Turabian StyleTzortzi, Anna, Melpo Kapetanstrataki, Georgios Rachiotis, Vaso Evangelopoulou, Eleni Leventou, and Panagiotis Behrakis. 2021. "Perceived Importance of Public Health Risks in Greece: A Nationwide Survey of the Adult Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16: 8256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168256