An Analysis of Differences in the Role of Friendships and the School Class in Children’s Perceptions of Bullying in England and Ijime in Japan: A Translation and Expansion of Kanetsuna (2009)
Abstract
:1. The Role of Friendships and the School Class in Children’s Perceptions of Bullying in England and Ijime in Japan: A Translation and Expansion of Kanetsuna (2009)
1.1. Different Forms of Bullying/Ijime
1.2. Friendship Formation
1.3. Aims of the Study
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
“How likely do you think this situation is to happen in the classroom/playground/elsewhere in school/on the way to home or to school/outside school?”
“How likely do you think the aggressor is to be classmates/person or people in different class but in the same year group/person or people in higher year group?”
“How likely do you think the relationship between aggressor(s) and the victim is to be friends/they know each other but not in a friendly way/they don’t know each other very well or at all?”
2.3. Procedural and Ethical Issues
2.4. Analysis Plan
3. Results
3.1. The Perceived Nature of Bullying/Ijime
3.2. Relationships with Friends
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Endnote
References
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1. Places | 2. Means | 3. F Value (df = 11,965) | 4. p Value | 5. Effect Size (ŋp2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Japanese | ||||
Physical aggression [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.382, F(5, 1951) = 632.06, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.618] | |||||
Classroom | 2.16 | 3.21 | 350.88 | 0.001 | 0.152 |
Playground | 4.05 | 1.86 | 2009.98 | 0.001 | 0.543 |
Elsewhere in school | 3.38 | 3.10 | 33.05 | 0.001 | 0.017 |
On the way to school/to home | 3.44 | 2.37 | 314.54 | 0.001 | 0.139 |
Outside school | 3.74 | 2.51 | 406.92 | 0.001 | 0.172 |
Verbal aggression [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.442, F(5, 1951) = 493.21, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.558] | |||||
Classroom | 2.53 | 3.91 | 589.11 | 0.001 | 0.232 |
Playground | 3.87 | 2.07 | 1209.04 | 0.001 | 0.382 |
Elsewhere in school | 3.38 | 3.15 | 22.12 | 0.001 | 0.011 |
On the way to school/to home | 3.35 | 2.65 | 128.91 | 0.001 | 0.062 |
Outside school | 3.56 | 2.47 | 304.46 | 0.001 | 0.135 |
Ignoring [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.545, F(5, 1951) = 325.26, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.455] | |||||
Classroom | 2.57 | 4.06 | 714.42 | 0.001 | 0.268 |
Playground | 3.56 | 2.29 | 445.34 | 0.001 | 0.186 |
Elsewhere in school | 3.23 | 3.16 | 1.13 | Not sig. | 0.001 |
On the way to school/to home | 3.14 | 2.68 | 53.10 | 0.001 | 0.026 |
Outside school | 3.26 | 2.44 | 164.21 | 0.001 | 0.077 |
Social exclusion [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.653, F(5, 1951) = 207.41, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.347] | |||||
Classroom | 2.41 | 3.53 | 394.68 | 0.001 | 0.168 |
Playground | 3.65 | 2.56 | 320.02 | 0.001 | 0.141 |
Elsewhere in school | 3.26 | 2.99 | 23.84 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
On the way to school/to home | 3.03 | 2.57 | 66.12 | 0.001 | 0.033 |
Outside school | 3.26 | 2.74 | 75.60 | 0.001 | 0.037 |
Stealing/hiding/taking money or belongings [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.609, F(5, 1951) = 251.02, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.391] | |||||
Classroom | 2.64 | 3.73 | 327.94 | 0.001 | 0.144 |
Playground | 3.36 | 1.91 | 695.40 | 0.001 | 0.262 |
Elsewhere in school | 3.36 | 3.00 | 32.96 | 0.001 | 0.017 |
On the way to school/to home | 2.99 | 2.26 | 135.53 | 0.001 | 0.065 |
Outside school | 3.04 | 2.45 | 87.90 | 0.001 | 0.043 |
Rumor spreading/note-sending [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.553, F(5, 1951) = 316.01, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.447] | |||||
Classroom | 2.76 | 3.93 | 442.98 | 0.001 | 0.185 |
Playground | 3.73 | 2.30 | 570.99 | 0.001 | 0.226 |
Elsewhere in school | 3.51 | 3.51 | 0.02 | Not sig. | 0.000 |
On the way to school/to home | 3.32 | 3.03 | 14.95 | 0.001 | 0.008 |
Outside school | 3.26 | 2.90 | 28.46 | 0.001 | 0.014 |
Aggressor | Means | F Value (df = 11,965) | p Value | Effect Size (ŋp2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Japanese | ||||
Physical aggression [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.817, F(3, 1953) = 145.76, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.183] | |||||
Pupils in the same class | 2.56 | 3.37 | 202.69 | 0.001 | 0.094 |
Pupils in different classes | 3.17 | 3.17 | .09 | Not sig. | 0.000 |
Pupils in higher years | 3.20 | 2.38 | 184.52 | 0.001 | 0.086 |
Verbal aggression [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.664, F(3, 1953) = 329.24, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.336] | |||||
Pupils in the same class | 2.54 | 3.89 | 638.69 | 0.001 | 0.246 |
Pupils in different classes | 3.15 | 3.51 | 54.44 | 0.001 | 0.027 |
Pupils in higher years | 3.14 | 2.25 | 233.36 | 0.001 | 0.107 |
Ignoring [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.647, F(3, 1953) = 354.89, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.353] | |||||
Pupils in the same class | 2.46 | 3.91 | 763.29 | 0.001 | 0.281 |
Pupils in different classes | 2.93 | 3.37 | 81.44 | 0.001 | 0.040 |
Pupils in higher years | 2.85 | 2.09 | 176.32 | 0.001 | 0.083 |
Social exclusion [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.729, F(3, 1953) = 242.47, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.271] | |||||
Pupils in the same class | 2.56 | 3.68 | 403.07 | 0.001 | 0.171 |
Pupils in different classes | 2.94 | 3.38 | 92.65 | 0.001 | 0.045 |
Pupils in higher years | 2.79 | 1.97 | 222.61 | 0.001 | 0.102 |
Stealing/hiding/taking money or belongings [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.738, F(3, 1953) = 231.00, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.262] | |||||
Pupils in the same class | 2.44 | 3.65 | 504.08 | 0.001 | 0.205 |
Pupils in different classes | 2.88 | 3.30 | 74.42 | 0.001 | 0.037 |
Pupils in higher years | 2.99 | 2.23 | 134.08 | 0.001 | 0.064 |
Rumor spreading/note-sending [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.698, F(3, 1953) = 282.17, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.302] | |||||
Pupils in the same class | 2.60 | 3.90 | 621.45 | 0.001 | 0.241 |
Pupils in different classes | 3.08 | 3.64 | 128.00 | 0.001 | 0.061 |
Pupils in higher years | 2.96 | 2.31 | 108.57 | 0.001 | 0.053 |
Relationships | Means | F Value (df = 11,965) | p Value | Effect Size (ŋp2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Japanese | ||||
Physical aggression [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.737, F(3, 1953) = 282.89, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.263] | |||||
Friends | 2.05 | 3.19 | 425.06 | 0.001 | 0.179 |
Known but not friends | 3.29 | 3.01 | 34.88 | 0.001 | 0.018 |
Not know very well/at all | 2.99 | 1.94 | 350.99 | 0.001 | 0.152 |
Verbal aggression [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.669, F(3, 1953) = 322.53, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.331] | |||||
Friends | 2.18 | 3.60 | 655.14 | 0.001 | 0.251 |
Known but not friends | 3.20 | 3.12 | 2.02 | Not sig. | 0.001 |
Not know very well/at all | 3.00 | 1.97 | 340.31 | 0.001 | 0.148 |
Ignoring [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.745, F(3, 1953) = 222.68, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.255] | |||||
Friends | 2.24 | 3.42 | 427.42 | 0.001 | 0.179 |
Known but not friends | 3.11 | 3.19 | 1.98 | Not sig. | 0.001 |
Not know very well/at all | 2.92 | 2.02 | 271.36 | 0.001 | 0.122 |
Social exclusion [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.750, F(3, 1953) = 217.31, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.250] | |||||
Friends | 2.35 | 3.44 | 380.50 | 0.001 | 0.163 |
Known but not friends | 3.05 | 3.07 | 0.45 | Not sig. | 0.000 |
Not know very well/at all | 2.89 | 1.98 | 270.89 | 0.001 | 0.122 |
Stealing/hiding/taking money or belongings [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.766, F(3, 1953) = 199.37, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.234] | |||||
Friends | 2.20 | 3.30 | 381.91 | 0.001 | 0.163 |
Known but not friends | 3.15 | 3.13 | 0.01 | Not sig. | 0.000 |
Not know very well/at all | 3.03 | 2.15 | 215.54 | 0.001 | 0.100 |
Rumor spreading/note-taking [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.741, F(3, 1953) = 227.37, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.259] | |||||
Friends | 2.33 | 3.55 | 477.99 | 0.001 | 0.196 |
Known but not friends | 3.22 | 3.35 | 6.53 | [0.05] | 0.003 |
Not know very well/at all | 2.99 | 2.21 | 164.49 | 0.001 | 0.078 |
Means | F Value (df = 11,575) | p Value | Effect Size (ŋp2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
English | Japanese | ||||
Number of Friends [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.827, F(3, 1573) = 109.54, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.173] | |||||
Same class | 6.54 (3.81) | 8.16 (4.48) | 67.83 | 0.001 | 0.041 |
Different class in the same year group | 8.12 (5.47) | 9.47 (5.43) | 19.70 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
Different year groups | 5.24 (3.66) | 2.98 (3.24) | 156.60 | 0.001 | 0.090 |
Places | Mean | F Value (df = 11,965) | p Value | Effect Size (ŋp2) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
England | Japan | ||||
Same class [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.428, F(5, 1951) = 521.42, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.572] | |||||
Classroom | 3.76 | 4.08 | 19.98 | 0.001 | 0.010 |
Playground | 4.18 | 1.67 | 2277.69 | 0.001 | 0.538 |
Other places in school | 3.59 | 3.39 | 11.95 | 0.001 | 0.006 |
On the way to school/to home | 3.10 | 3.11 | 0.15 | Not sig. | 0.000 |
Outside school | 3.04 | 2.55 | 106.95 | 0.001 | 0.052 |
Different classes in same year group [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.516, F(6, 1950) = 304.70, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.484] | |||||
Classroom | 2.73 | 2.18 | 89.08 | 0.001 | 0.044 |
Friends’ classroom | 2.54 | 2.09 | 64.91 | 0.001 | 0.032 |
Playground | 3.56 | 1.51 | 1487.36 | 0.001 | 0.432 |
Other places in school | 2.96 | 2.94 | 2.74 | Not sig. | 0.001 |
On the way to school/to home | 2.77 | 3.35 | 76.77 | 0.001 | 0.038 |
Outside school | 2.85 | 2.72 | 14.44 | 0.001 | 0.007 |
Different year groups [Wilks’ Lambda = 0.644, F(6, 1950) = 179.62, p < 0.001, ŋp2 = 0.356] | |||||
Classroom | 1.86 | 1.15 | 321.54 | 0.001 | 0.141 |
Friends’ classroom | 1.78 | 1.14 | 281.03 | 0.001 | 0.126 |
Playground | 2.47 | 1.14 | 872.08 | 0.001 | 0.308 |
Other places in school | 2.13 | 1.46 | 231.06 | 0.001 | 0.106 |
On the way to school/to home | 2.39 | 1.50 | 317.13 | 0.001 | 0.140 |
Outside school | 2.58 | 1.49 | 515.59 | 0.001 | 0.209 |
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Kanetsuna, T.; Smith, P.K. An Analysis of Differences in the Role of Friendships and the School Class in Children’s Perceptions of Bullying in England and Ijime in Japan: A Translation and Expansion of Kanetsuna (2009). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158234
Kanetsuna T, Smith PK. An Analysis of Differences in the Role of Friendships and the School Class in Children’s Perceptions of Bullying in England and Ijime in Japan: A Translation and Expansion of Kanetsuna (2009). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):8234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158234
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanetsuna, Tomoyuki, and Peter K. Smith. 2021. "An Analysis of Differences in the Role of Friendships and the School Class in Children’s Perceptions of Bullying in England and Ijime in Japan: A Translation and Expansion of Kanetsuna (2009)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 8234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158234