Relationship between Sleep and Hypertension: Findings from the NHANES (2007–2014)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement
Definition of Hypertension
2.3. Assessment of Sleep Factors and Definition of a Sleep Pattern
2.4. Other Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Associations of Sleep with Risk of Hypertension
3.3. Associations of Sleep with Risk of Hypertension after Age Stratification
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Sleep Patterns (Col %) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy (n = 5675) | Intermediate (n = 4539) | Poor (n = 1952) | p Value | |
Demographics | ||||
Age group (years) | 49.8 ± 13.6 | 49.5 ± 13.0 | 51.1 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
30–44 | 2404 (42.4) | 1853 (40.8) | 663 (34.0) | |
45–59 | 1675 (29.5) | 1519 (33.5) | 749 (38.4) | |
60–79 | 1596 (28.1) | 1167 (25.7) | 540 (27.7) | |
Gender | <0.001 | |||
Male | 2743 (48.3) | 2217 (48.8) | 796 (40.8) | |
Female | 2932 (51.7) | 2322 (51.2) | 1156 (59.2) | |
Race | <0.001 | |||
Non-white a | 3117 (54.9) | 2659 (58.6) | 928 (47.5) | |
White | 2558 (45.1) | 1880 (41.4) | 1024 (52.5) | |
Marriage status | <0.001 | |||
Married/Living with partner | 3992 (70.3) | 2932 (64.6) | 1105 (56.6) | |
Widowed/Divorced/ Separated/Never married | 1683 (29.7) | 1607 (35.4) | 847 (43.4) | |
Education level | 0.543 | |||
≤High school | 2588 (45.6) | 2119 (46.7) | 895 (45.9) | |
>High school | 3087 (54.4) | 2420 (53.3) | 1057 (54.1) | |
Health insurance | <0.001 | |||
No | 1518 (26.7) | 1093 (24.1) | 353 (18.1) | |
Yes | 4157 (73.3) | 3446 (75.9) | 1599 (81.9) | |
Clinical status | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | |||
<25 | 1745 (30.7) | 1283 (28.3) | 446 (22.8) | |
≥25 | 3930 (69.3) | 3256 (71.7) | 1506 (77.2) | |
Health behaviors | ||||
DASH index | 0.007 | |||
0–3.5 | 4270 (75.2) | 3533 (77.9) | 1507 (77.2) | |
4–7.5 | 1405 (24.8) | 1006 (22.2) | 445 (22.8) | |
Smoking status b | <0.001 | |||
No | 3388 (59.7) | 2427 (53.5) | 929 (47.6) | |
Yes | 2287 (40.3) | 2112 (46.5) | 1023 (52.4) | |
Alcohol intake (gm/day) | 0.015 | |||
0–24.9 | 4815 (84.8) | 3839 (84.6) | 1703 (87.2) | |
25.1–550.1 | 860 (15.2) | 700 (15.4) | 249 (12.8) | |
Physical activity (met-h/week) | <0.001 | |||
0 | 1279 (22.5) | 1077 (23.7) | 547 (28.0) | |
>0 | 4396 (77.5) | 3462 (76.3) | 1405 (72.0) | |
Sedentary time (hours) | <0.001 | |||
<5 | 2611 (46.0) | 2023 (44.6) | 765 (39.2) | |
≥5 | 3064 (54.0) | 2516 (55.4) | 1187 (60.8) |
Characteristics | Hypertension (Col %) | ||
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 7571) | Yes (n = 4595) | p Value | |
Demographics | |||
Age (years) | 46.1 ± 11.9 | 56.2 ± 13.0 | <0.001 |
30–44 | 3911 (79.5) | 1009 (20.5) | |
45–59 | 2436 (61.8) | 1507 (38.2) | |
60–79 | 1224 (37.1) | 2079 (62.9) | |
Gender | 0.261 | ||
Male | 3552 (61.7) | 2204 (38.3) | |
Female | 4019 (62.7) | 2391 (37.3) | |
Race | 0.189 | ||
Non-white a | 4137 (61.7) | 2567 (38.3) | |
White | 3434 (62.9) | 2028 (37.1) | |
Marital status | <0.001 | ||
Married/Living with partner | 5198 (64.8) | 2831 (35.3) | |
Widowed/Divorced/Separated/ Never married | 2373 (57.4) | 1764 (42.6) | |
Education level | <0.001 | ||
≤High school | 3300 (58.9) | 2302 (41.1) | |
>High school | 4271 (65.1) | 2293 (34.9) | |
Health insurance | <0.001 | ||
No | 2080 (70.2) | 884 (29.8) | |
Yes | 5491 (59.7) | 3711 (40.3) | |
Clinical status | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | <0.001 | ||
<25 | 2544 (73.2) | 930 (26.8) | |
≥25 | 5027 (57.8) | 3665 (42.2) | |
Health behaviors | |||
Sleep duration (hours) | <0.001 | ||
<7 | 4546 (64.4) | 2514 (35.6) | |
7–9 | 2888 (59.2) | 1987 (40.8) | |
>9 | 137 (59.3) | 94 (40.7) | |
Self-reported trouble sleeping | <0.001 | ||
No | 6043 (65.2) | 3227 (34.8) | |
Yes | 1528 (52.8) | 1368 (47.2) | |
Self-reported sleep disorder | <0.001 | ||
No | 7145 (63.3) | 4142 (36.7) | |
Yes | 426 (48.5) | 453 (51.5) | |
Sleep patterns | <0.001 | ||
Healthy sleep | 3757 (66.2) | 1918 (33.8) | |
Intermediate sleep | 2852 (62.8) | 1687 (37.2) | |
Poor sleep | 962 (49.3) | 990 (50.7) | |
DASH index | 0.637 | ||
0–3.5 | 5783 (62.1) | 3527 (37.9) | |
4–7.5 | 1788 (62.6) | 1068 (37.4) | |
Smoking status b | <0.001 | ||
No | 4350 (64.5) | 2394 (35.5) | |
Yes | 3221 (59.4) | 2201 (40.6) | |
Alcohol intake (gm/day) | 0.378 | ||
0–24.9 | 6462 (62.4) | 3895 (37.6) | |
25.1–550.1 | 1109 (61.3) | 700 (38.7) | |
Physical activity (met-h/week) | <0.001 | ||
0 | 1595 (54.9) | 1308 (45.1) | |
>0 | 5976 (64.5) | 3287 (35.5) | |
Sedentary time (hours) | <0.001 | ||
<5 | 3459 (64.1) | 1940 (35.9) | |
≥5 | 4112 (60.8) | 2655 (39.2) |
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Li, C.; Shang, S. Relationship between Sleep and Hypertension: Findings from the NHANES (2007–2014). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157867
Li C, Shang S. Relationship between Sleep and Hypertension: Findings from the NHANES (2007–2014). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(15):7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157867
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chunnan, and Shaomei Shang. 2021. "Relationship between Sleep and Hypertension: Findings from the NHANES (2007–2014)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15: 7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157867
APA StyleLi, C., & Shang, S. (2021). Relationship between Sleep and Hypertension: Findings from the NHANES (2007–2014). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 7867. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157867