Relevant Factors in Adolescent Well-Being: Family and Parental Relationships
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Design and Participants
1.2. Instruments
- (a)
- Health-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (HRQoL). It was assessed using the KIDSCREEN-10 instrument [31], which establishes a global index of emotional well-being through 10 items that include physical, psychological and social aspects. The respondent is asked to indicate whether “in the last week” he/she felt good and fit, full of energy, sad, lonely, had enough time for him/herself, was able to do the things he/she wanted to do in his/her free time, was treated fairly by his/her parents, had fun with friends, did well at school or college and was able to concentrate or pay attention. The response, for 10 items, was on a scale of 1 to 5 where 1: never, 2: seldom, 3: sometimes, 4: often and 5: always.
- (b)
- Self-perception of the teacher’s opinion of the student’s performance. This is an item from the HBSC questionnaire [32], in which students are asked “In your opinion, how does your teacher rate your performance at school compared to your classmates?” It has a scale with four response options where 1: very good, 2: good, 3: average and 4: below average.
- (c)
- Students’ perception of their state of health. The assessment made by Idler and Benyamini was used, in which, after a review of 27 community studies [33], they considered this self-assessment of health to be an independent predictor of mortality. Thus, the item “would you say your health status is” was used and schoolchildren were asked to respond using a scale with 4 possible options, 1: excellent, 2: good, 3: acceptable and 4: poor.
- (a)
- Family relationships. This indicator was used to analyze adolescents’ satisfaction with family relationships. An adaptation of the Cantril scale [34] was used for this purpose, consisting of a single-item question: “In general, how satisfied are you with the relationships you have in your family?” The answers are graded on a response scale ranging from 0 (very bad relationships) to 10 (very good relationships). In order to facilitate the relationship of the variables and analysis of the results, five subsequent response levels were established based on the 11 possible answers. Thus, the responses were distributed as follows:
- Very bad relationship (initial value 0).
- Bad relationship (initial values 1 to 4).
- Normal relationship (initial value 5).
- Good relationship (initial values 6 to 9).
- Excellent relationship (initial value 10).
- (b)
- Parental relationships. The questionnaire from the HBSC study [32] was used for this purpose, with a single item in which the respondent assesses the relationship that their parents have with each other: “In general, how do you assess the relationship that your father and mother have with each other?” The response scale ranges from 0 (very bad relationship) to 10 (very good relationship). To facilitate the relationship of the variables and analysis of the results, five subsequent response levels were established based on the 11 possible answers above. Thus, the responses were distributed as follows:
- Very bad relationship (initial value 0).
- Bad relationship (initial values 1 to 4).
- Normal relationship (initial value 5).
- Good relationship (initial values 6 to 9).
- Excellent relationship (initial value 10).
1.3. Procedure
1.4. Data Analysis
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quality of Family Relationships | HRQoL | Teacher’s Opinion of AP | Perception of Health | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted Response Scale | Very bad relationships a | M | 26.00 | 2.83 | 2.00 |
SD | 4.64 | 1.16 | 0.89 | ||
Bad relationships b | M | 32.17 | 2.92 | 2.02 | |
SD | 6.33 | 0.88 | 0.77 | ||
Normal relationships c | M | 32.46 | 2.78 | 2.03 | |
SD | 5.99 | 0.82 | 0.75 | ||
Good relationships d | M | 36.63 | 2.45 | 1.83 | |
SD | 5.43 | 0.84 | 0.58 | ||
Excellent relationships e | M | 41.41 | 2.16 | 1.46 | |
SD | 5.05 | 0.84 | 0.57 | ||
ANOVA | F | 99.575 | 18.20 | 36.169 | |
Sig | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Measures of association | Eta | 0.475 | 0.225 | 0.309 | |
Eta2 | 0.225 | 0.051 | 0.096 | ||
Post hoc Bonferroni tests (difference of means) | e > (a,b,c,d) *** d > (a,b,c) *** c > (a) * b > (a) * | e < (b,c,d) *** d < (b) ** d < (c) * | e < (b,c,d) *** d < (b) ** d < (c) * |
Quality of Parental Relationships | HRQoL | Teacher’s Opinion AP | Perception of Health | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted Response Scale | Very bad relationships a | M | 34.36 | 3.05 | 1.90 |
SD | 6.89 | 0.86 | 0.58 | ||
Bad relationships b | M | 35.58 | 2.74 | 1.96 | |
SD | 6.36 | 0.90 | 0.74 | ||
Normal relationships c | M | 35.90 | 2.44 | 1.82 | |
SD | 5.93 | 0.92 | 0.62 | ||
Good relationships d | M | 36.89 | 2.40 | 1.79 | |
SD | 5.81 | 0.82 | 0.60 | ||
Excellent relationships e | M | 40.51 | 2.21 | 1.52 | |
SD | 5.50 | 0.86 | 0.59 | ||
ANOVA | F | 37.431 | 15.655 | 18.730 | |
Sig | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Measures of association | Eta | 0.318 | 0.212 | 0.231 | |
Eta2 | 0.101 | 0.045 | 0.053 | ||
Post hoc Bonferroni tests (difference of means) | e > (a,b,c,d) *** | e < (d) ** e < (a,b) *** d < (a,b) *** c < (a) ** | e < (a,c) ** e < (b,d) *** |
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Guevara, R.M.; Moral-García, J.E.; Urchaga, J.D.; López-García, S. Relevant Factors in Adolescent Well-Being: Family and Parental Relationships. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147666
Guevara RM, Moral-García JE, Urchaga JD, López-García S. Relevant Factors in Adolescent Well-Being: Family and Parental Relationships. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147666
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuevara, Raquel M., José E. Moral-García, José D. Urchaga, and Sergio López-García. 2021. "Relevant Factors in Adolescent Well-Being: Family and Parental Relationships" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7666. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147666