Midstream Players Determine Population-Level Behavior Change: Social Marketing Research to Increase Demand for Lead-Free Components in Pitcher Pumps in Madagascar
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Social Marketing Framework
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Recruitment
2.5. Data Collection
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Description
3.2. Current Behavioral Uptake
3.3. Reported Factors Influencing Behavioral Uptake
“… And so usually, when you use leaded weights for the valves, the system seals better and keeps water because the lead is heavy. Because, once you pump, the valve opens up, and the water would flow, and when you stop pumping, the valve would seal and keeps some water above it; but if you use iron, since iron is lighter in weight, the valve would not seal properly.” (male technician, age 28)
“[Iron is more complicated to work with] you [need] to buy bolts to keep the iron weight in place; but with lead, you just need to melt it, meaning you melt it then afterward you put it directly on the valve. That’s the difference between the two elements.” (male technician, age 28)
“Because the older people used it, that’s why we use it too. It makes the pump last for such a long time, as I said that older people used it.” (male technician, age 47)
“No! Lead is the main one, then iron sometimes! Lead is the one we usually use, but we use iron when we can’t find lead.” (male technician, age 28)
3.4. Perceived Benefits and Barriers of Using Lead-Free Components
3.5. Perceived Motivators for Change
3.6. Knowledge of Water Quality and Safety
“I can’t guarantee the quality of water. But I just make the pump.” (male technician, age 31)
3.7. Information-Seeking Behaviors and Preferences for Communication Channels
3.8. Preferences for Interventions
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic and Knowledge Variable | Percentage (%) of Participants |
---|---|
Primary language | |
Malagasy | 71% |
French | 29% |
Status | |
Married or in a domestic partnership | 82% |
Single | 18% |
Household size | |
1–2 people | 18% |
3–4 people | 47% |
5–6 people | 18% |
7+ people | 18% |
Previously heard information about water quality issues and water contamination | 65% |
Training received | |
Apprenticeship | 6% |
Transferred skills from another profession (i.e., welding) | 82% |
Formal technician training | 6% |
More than one source of training | 6% |
Presence of another technician in the family | 65% |
Average number of new pumps installed each month | 3 |
Average number of pumps repaired each month | 3.5 |
Doers | Non-Doers | |
---|---|---|
Technicians Who Are Not Using Pb | Technicians Who Use Pb Components | |
Reported motivators for their current behavioral choice | Participants mentioned:
| Participants mentioned:
|
Benefits of lead-free components | Participants mentioned:
| Participants mentioned:
|
Barriers to lead-free components | Participants mentioned:
| Participants mentioned:
|
Perceived motivators for change to lead-free components | Participants perceived that technicians would feel motivated to change:
| Participants perceived that technicians would feel motivated to change:
|
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Khaliq, M.; Sommariva, S.; Buerck, A.M.; Rakotondrazaka, R.; Rakotoarisoa, L.; Barrett, L.J.P.; Mihelcic, J.R. Midstream Players Determine Population-Level Behavior Change: Social Marketing Research to Increase Demand for Lead-Free Components in Pitcher Pumps in Madagascar. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147297
Khaliq M, Sommariva S, Buerck AM, Rakotondrazaka R, Rakotoarisoa L, Barrett LJP, Mihelcic JR. Midstream Players Determine Population-Level Behavior Change: Social Marketing Research to Increase Demand for Lead-Free Components in Pitcher Pumps in Madagascar. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(14):7297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147297
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhaliq, Mahmooda, Silvia Sommariva, Adaline M. Buerck, Rinah Rakotondrazaka, Lova Rakotoarisoa, Luke John Paul Barrett, and James R. Mihelcic. 2021. "Midstream Players Determine Population-Level Behavior Change: Social Marketing Research to Increase Demand for Lead-Free Components in Pitcher Pumps in Madagascar" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147297