Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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White (n = 2503) | Black (n = 1211) | Mexican/Hispanic (n = 1346) | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) a | |||
Age (years) | 46.9 (0.4) | 42.3 (0.5) | 39.0 (0.4) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.8 (0.1) | 29.2 (0.2) | 29.1 (0.2) |
Total calorie intake (Kcal) | 2623 (26) | 2503 (39) | 2561 (38) |
Urinary creatinine (mg/dl) | 136.8 (1.8) | 184.0 (3.1) | 144.5 (2.4) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 102.4 (0.4) | 98.8 (0.6) | 99.9 (0.5) |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 123.8 (0.4) | 127.3 (0.6) | 121.6 (0.4) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 71.8 (0.3) | 72.8 (0.4) | 70.0 (0.4) |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 137.8 (4.3) | 114.4 (6.1) | 157.6 (5.2) |
Serum HDL (mg/dl) | 47.3 (0.3) | 50.9 (0.5) | 46.2 (0.4) |
Serum glucose (mg/dl) | 108.5 (1.1) | 106.4 (1.5) | 109.9 (1.5) |
N (%) b | |||
Metabolic syndrome c | 607 (21.8) | 236 (18.0) | 304 (18.9) |
Education | |||
<High school | 464 (12.9) | 294 (22.9) | 591 (42.9) |
High school graduate | 603 (23.4) | 306 (26.5) | 269 (21.3) |
College or higher | 1316 (59.9) | 500 (44.9) | 380 (30.9) |
Poverty to income ratio (PIR) | |||
PIR < 1.0 | 332 (7.8) | 243 (19.7) | 340 (25.2) |
PIR ≥ 1.0 | 2013 (86.6) | 868 (71.6) | 849 (64.3) |
Smoking status | |||
Current smoker | 582 (22.5) | 322 (28.3) | 281 (22.1) |
Former smoker | 862 (30.6) | 252 (16.7) | 335 (20.6) |
Never smoker | 961 (43.8) | 540 (50.2) | 635 (52.8) |
Fasted ≥ 8 h d | |||
Yes | 1107 (44.4) | 468 (38.6) | 615 (45.2) |
No | 112 (3.9) | 85 (7.1) | 56 (4.1) |
White (n = 2367) | Black (n = 1200) | Mexican/Hispanic (n = 1390) | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) a | |||
Age (years) | 49.2 (0.4) | 44.2 (0.5) | 41.1 (0.4) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.2 (0.2) | 31.7 (0.3) | 29.3 (0.2) |
Total calorie intake (Kcal) | 1824 (16.9) | 1863 (30.2) | 1791 (25.1) |
Urinary creatinine (mg/dl) | 96.7 (1.6) | 150.7 (2.6) | 106.4 (2.1) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 94.9 (0.4) | 100.2 (0.6) | 95.4 (0.5) |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 120.3 (0.4) | 122.5 (0.6) | 116.6 (0.5) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 68.7 (0.3) | 69.9 (0.4) | 67.4 (0.3) |
Serum triglycerides (mg/dl) | 121.4 (2.9) | 91.0 (2.7) | 120.0 (3.2) |
Serum HDL (mg/dl) | 58.8 (0.4) | 58.4 (0.5) | 53.1 (0.4) |
Serum glucose (mg/dl) | 102.7 (0.8) | 105.7 (1.9) | 107.2 (2.1) |
N (%) b | |||
Metabolic syndrome c | 595 (22.2) | 316 (23.6) | 345 (18.4) |
Education | |||
<High school | 373 (11.7) | 289 (21.7) | 608 (41.1) |
High school graduate | 604 (23.9) | 265 (22.8) | 249 (19.3) |
College or higher | 1296 (61.2) | 555 (50.9) | 434 (34.8) |
Poverty to income ratio (PIR) | |||
PIR < 1.0 | 416 (11.2) | 297 (25.0) | 417 (29.7) |
PIR ≥ 1.0 | 1802 (82.7) | 801 (67.2) | 794 (59.1) |
Smoking status | |||
Current smoker | 548 (20.9) | 218 (18.8) | 154 (12.4) |
Former smoker | 562 (24.4) | 170 (12.6) | 204 (12.9) |
Never smoker | 1183 (52.3) | 740 (65.1) | 950 (71.0) |
Menopause status | |||
Yes | 1234 (47.9) | 565 (39.8) | 577 (28.9) |
No | 955 (44.7) | 507 (48.7) | 675 (59.6) |
Fasted ≥ 8 h d | |||
Yes | 1067 (44.4) | 491 (41.0) | 611 (42.7) |
No | 68 (2.6) | 51 (4.4) | 43 (2.9) |
Phthalate Metabolites (ng/mL) | Men | Women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (n = 2503) | Black (n = 1211) | Mexican/Hispanic (n = 1346) | White (n= 2367) | Black (n = 1200) | Mexican/Hispanic (n = 1390) | |
Geometric Mean (95% CI) | Geometric Mean (95% CI) | |||||
∑ LMW | 94.0 (87.4, 101.1) | 199.5 (175.5, 226.9) | 154.0 (137.6, 172.2) | 86.8 (80.3, 93.8) | 214.5 (192.8, 238.7) | 155.3 (135.2, 178.5) |
MEP | 59.4 (54.9, 64.2) | 145.2 (123.8, 170.3) | 107.6 (95.4, 121.3) | 56.6 (51.8, 61.9) | 153.7 (135.4, 174.4) | 106.0 (90.9, 123.7) |
MiBP | 5.8 (5.5, 6.2) | 9.3 (8.4, 10.4) | 8.5 (7.7, 9.3) | 4.7 (4.4, 5.0) | 10.7 (9.8, 11.7) | 8.4 (7.6, 9.2) |
MnBP | 12.2 (11.2, 13.1) | 16.5 (15.0, 18.2) | 14.5 (13.1, 16.1) | 11.1 (10.2, 12.0) | 20.6 (18.7, 22.6) | 16.0 (14.2, 18.1) |
∑HMW | 94.9 (87.7, 102.8) | 100.7 (92.4, 109.7) | 97.8 (87.8, 109.0) | 72.7 (66.9, 79.1) | 104.6 (96.6, 113.4) | 82.0 (75.3, 89.2) |
MCNP | 2.9 (2.7, 3.1) | 3.0 (2.8, 3.3) | 2.5 (2.3, 2.7) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) | 2.9 (2.6, 3.1) | 2.1 (1.9, 2.3) |
MCOP | 11.6 (10.3, 13.1) | 11.1 (9.7, 12.6) | 11.1 (9.7, 12.5) | 8.5 (7.7, 9.5) | 11.6 (10.0, 13.4) | 9.7 (8.5, 11.2) |
MCPP | 2.7 (2.5, 3.0) | 2.8 (2.5, 3.1) | 2.5 (2.2, 2.8) | 2.0 (1.9, 2.2) | 2.6 (2.3, 2.9) | 2.1 (1.8, 2.3) |
MBzP | 5.8 (5.3, 6.2) | 7.3 (6.6, 8.0) | 5.8 (5.2, 6.5) | 4.7 (4.3, 5.1) | 7.9 (7.1, 8.8) | 5.1 (4.5, 5.7) |
∑DEHP | 49.2 (44.8, 54.0) | 53.4 (47.1, 60.6) | 53.2 (46.4, 61.0) | 38.0 (34.5, 41.9) | 55.7 (50.0, 61.9) | 46.0 (41.9, 50.5) |
MECPP | 22.3 (20.3, 24.5) | 22.2 (19.5, 25.2) | 25.0 (21.8, 28.6) | 17.6 (15.9, 19.4) | 23.9 (21.5, 26.6) | 21.7 (19.7, 23.9) |
MEHHP | 14.8 (13.4, 16.3) | 17.0 (14.9, 19.4) | 15.5 (13.4, 17.9) | 11.0 (9.9, 12.1) | 17.0 (15.1, 19.0) | 13.0 (11.7, 14.3) |
MEHP | 1.7 (1.6, 1.9) | 2.4 (2.1, 2.7) | 2.3 (2.0, 2.6) | 1.3 (1.2,1.4) | 2.2 (2.0, 2.5) | 1.8 (1.7, 2.0) |
MEOHP | 8.6 (7.8, 9.5) | 9.8 (8.6, 11.1) | 8.9 (7.8, 10.2) | 6.7 (6.0, 7.4) | 10.6 (9.5, 11.8) | 8.1 (7.3, 8.9) |
Phthalate Metabolites | White (n = 2503) | Black (n = 1211) | Mexican/Hispanic (n = 1346) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | |
MCNP | ||||||
Q1 | 514 | 1.00 | 230 | 1.00 | 293 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 610 | 0.88 (0.56, 1.38) | 298 | 1.39 (0.75, 2.58) | 365 | 0.94 (0.56, 1.56) |
Q3 | 667 | 1.00 (0.62, 1.61) | 302 | 0.92 (0.46, 1.86) | 362 | 0.80 (0.45, 1.44) |
Q4 | 712 | 0.75 (0.49, 1.16) | 381 | 0.80 (0.42, 1.52) | 326 | 1.06 (0.59, 1.92) |
p for trend | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.92 | |||
MCOP | ||||||
Q1 | 626 | 1.00 | 283 | 1.00 | 303 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 585 | 1.16 (0.76, 1.76) | 289 | 1.14 (0.67, 1.95) | 387 | 1.28 (0.76, 2.16) |
Q3 | 669 | 0.87 (0.54, 1.39) | 288 | 1.94 (1.16, 3.25) | 324 | 1.10 (0.58, 2.07) |
Q4 | 623 | 1.02 (0.69, 1.52) | 351 | 1.19 (0.68, 2.06) | 332 | 0.86 (0.49, 1.50) |
p for trend | 0.71 | 0.28 | 0.40 | |||
MECPP | ||||||
Q1 | 572 | 1.00 | 278 | 1.00 | 247 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 632 | 0.87 (0.59, 1.28) | 334 | 1.20 (0.73, 1.96) | 338 | 0.67 (0.38, 1.19) |
Q3 | 612 | 1.12 (0.76, 1.65) | 298 | 0.71 (0.39, 1.28) | 383 | 1.11 (0.60, 2.06) |
Q4 | 687 | 1.38 (0.88, 2.16) | 301 | 1.45 (0.75, 2.79) | 378 | 1.23 (0.65, 2.30) |
p for trend | 0.06 | 0.53 | 0.19 | |||
MnBP | ||||||
Q1 | 660 | 1.00 | 233 | 1.00 | 283 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 709 | 1.29 (0.94, 1.77) | 298 | 0.64 (0.36, 1.12) | 350 | 1.32 (0.86, 2.05) |
Q3 | 634 | 0.95 (0.65, 1.40) | 352 | 0.71 (0.44, 1.14) | 347 | 1.30 (0.78, 2.15) |
Q4 | 500 | 0.93 (0.59, 1.46) | 328 | 0.71 (0.39,1.28) | 366 | 1.89 (0.97, 3.65) |
p for trend | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.10 | |||
MCPP | ||||||
Q1 | 552 | 1.00 | 254 | 1.00 | 326 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 559 | 0.81 (0.55, 1.18) | 297 | 1.14 (0.65, 1.20) | 337 | 1.09 (0.72, 1.64) |
Q3 | 687 | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) | 332 | 1.42 (0.85, 2.37) | 364 | 0.91 (0.57, 1.47) |
Q4 | 705 | 0.97 (0.62, 1.51) | 328 | 1.31 (0.79, 2.16) | 319 | 1.19 (0.72, 1.98) |
p for trend | 0.91 | 0.17 | 0.68 | |||
MEP | ||||||
Q1 | 768 | 1.00 | 157 | 1.00 | 229 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 697 | 0.85 (0.57, 1.26) | 278 | 0.61 (0.35, 1.05) | 325 | 1.02 (0.50, 2.08) |
Q3 | 562 | 0.79 (0.56, 1.11) | 344 | 0.61 (0.33, 1.14) | 371 | 1.11 (0.55, 2.26) |
Q4 | 476 | 0.95 (0.64, 1.41) | 432 | 0.43 (0.24, 0.77) | 421 | 1.04 (0.52, 2.08) |
p for trend | 0.66 | 0.01 | 0.86 | |||
MEHHP | ||||||
Q1 | 561 | 1.00 | 228 | 1.00 | 262 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 634 | 1.01 (0.69, 1.48) | 303 | 1.25 (0.72, 2.18) | 350 | 1.24 (0.66, 2.33) |
Q3 | 657 | 0.85 (0.57, 1.27) | 347 | 1.14 (0.62, 2.11) | 353 | 1.51 (0.81, 2.81) |
Q4 | 651 | 1.29 (0.90, 1.84) | 333 | 1.57 (0.90, 2.73) | 381 | 1.57 (0.84, 2.96) |
p for trend | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.12 | |||
MEHP | ||||||
Q1 | 428 | 1.00 | 155 | 1.00 | 183 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 882 | 0.85 (0.60, 1.19) | 339 | 1.04 (0.57, 1.90) | 395 | 0.69 (0.41, 1.17) |
Q3 | 626 | 0.93 (0.61, 1.41) | 320 | 1.26 (0.77, 2.07) | 359 | 0.67 (0.35, 1.27) |
Q4 | 567 | 0.93 (0.59, 1.44) | 397 | 0.93 (0.51, 1.68) | 409 | 0.65 (0.32, 1.33) |
p for trend | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.31 | |||
MiBP | ||||||
Q1 | 732 | 1.00 | 197 | 1.00 | 225 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 731 | 0.81 (0.57, 1.16) | 268 | 0.92 (0.50, 1.70) | 351 | 1.99 (1.00, 3.95) |
Q3 | 594 | 0.73 (0.48, 1.10) | 340 | 1.01 (0.60, 1.69) | 391 | 2.13 (1.10, 4.13) |
Q4 | 446 | 0.91 (0.56, 1.48) | 406 | 1.61 (0.83, 3.12) | 379 | 1.87 (0.80, 4.36) |
p for trend | 0.59 | 0.08 | 0.30 | |||
MEOHP | ||||||
Q1 | 567 | 1.00 | 233 | 1.00 | 275 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 645 | 1.18 (0.80, 1.73) | 311 | 1.68 (0.99, 2.83) | 362 | 0.88 (0.47, 1.64) |
Q3 | 654 | 0.97 (0.67, 1.40) | 331 | 1.24 (0.65, 2.36) | 343 | 1.18 (0.63, 2.20) |
Q4 | 637 | 1.42 (0.96, 2.10) | 336 | 1.62 (0.96, 2.73) | 366 | 1.38 (0.71, 2.70) |
p for trend | 0.12 | 0.28 | 0.17 | |||
MBzP | ||||||
Q1 | 560 | 1.00 | 208 | 1.00 | 320 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 654 | 1.45 (1.05, 2.01) | 308 | 0.73 (0.40, 1.32) | 349 | 1.51 (0.91, 2.52) |
Q3 | 658 | 1.03 (0.73, 1.44) | 345 | 1.03 (0.65, 1.63) | 356 | 1.16 (0.66, 2.03) |
Q4 | 631 | 1.24 (0.89, 1.73) | 350 | 0.66 (0.31, 1.39) | 321 | 1.94 (0.95, 3.98) |
p for trend | 0.71 | 0.47 | 0.15 |
Phthalate Metabolites | White (n = 2367) | Black (n = 1200) | Mexican/Hispanic (n = 1390) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | |
MCNP | ||||||
Q1 | 745 | 1.00 | 268 | 1.00 | 395 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 579 | 1.08 (0.78, 1.49) | 284 | 1.53 (0.96, 2.44) | 367 | 1.57 (0.97, 2.55) |
Q3 | 521 | 1.00 (0.67, 1.48) | 311 | 1.24 (0.70, 2.18) | 371 | 1.11 (0.64, 1.94) |
Q4 | 522 | 1.07 (0.70, 1.64) | 337 | 0.96 (0.61, 1.49) | 257 | 1.76 (0.88, 3.50) |
p for trend | 0.86 | 0.51 | 0.27 | |||
MCOP | ||||||
Q1 | 680 | 1.00 | 249 | 1.00 | 355 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 595 | 1.14 (0.78, 1.66) | 291 | 1.07 (0.64, 1.78) | 378 | 1.46 (0.94, 2.30) |
Q3 | 547 | 1.28 (0.80, 2.05) | 329 | 1.10 (0.65, 1.84) | 364 | 1.17 (0.64, 2.15) |
Q4 | 545 | 1.68 (1.24, 2.29) | 331 | 0.98 (0.60, 1.62) | 293 | 1.09 (0.64, 1.86) |
p for trend | 0.001 | 0.93 | 0.92 | |||
MECPP | ||||||
Q1 | 759 | 1.00 | 262 | 1.00 | 283 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 549 | 1.02 (0.77, 1.35) | 276 | 1.15 (0.70, 1.89) | 340 | 1.39 (0.76, 2.56) |
Q3 | 543 | 1.10 (0.79, 1.55) | 321 | 0.50 (0.27, 0.93) | 397 | 1.36 (0.63, 2.90) |
Q4 | 516 | 1.08 (0.77, 1.51) | 341 | 0.79 (0.46, 1.34) | 370 | 1.11 (0.55, 2.22) |
p for trend | 0.61 | 0.11 | 0.86 | |||
MnBP | ||||||
Q1 | 773 | 1.00 | 193 | 1.00 | 285 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 552 | 0.83 (0.60, 1.15) | 267 | 0.88 (0.52, 1.47) | 335 | 1.42 (0.88, 2.29) |
Q3 | 529 | 1.07 (0.73, 1.57) | 296 | 0.89 (0.49, 1.61) | 357 | 1.14 (0.55, 2.34) |
Q4 | 513 | 0.81 (0.51, 1.29) | 444 | 0.57 (0.30, 1.08) | 413 | 1.01 (0.48, 2.14) |
p for trend | 0.60 | 0.10 | 0.79 | |||
MCPP | ||||||
Q1 | 749 | 1.00 | 282 | 1.00 | 399 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 532 | 0.83 (0.61, 1.12) | 278 | 0.89 (0.55, 1.45) | 365 | 1.10 (0.68, 1.77) |
Q3 | 519 | 1.12 (0.77, 1.62) | 317 | 0.84 (0.54, 1.31) | 323 | 1.63 (0.80, 3.33) |
Q4 | 567 | 1.37 (0.97, 1.94) | 323 | 0.78 (0.42, 1.44) | 303 | 0.87 (0.49, 1.54) |
p for trend | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.99 | |||
MEP | ||||||
Q1 | 791 | 1.00 | 133 | 1.00 | 253 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 619 | 1.12 (0.82, 1.53) | 272 | 1.33 (0.61, 2.90) | 320 | 1.12 (0.68, 1.84) |
Q3 | 542 | 1.09 (0.77, 1.53) | 368 | 0.95 (0.39, 2.27) | 384 | 1.32 (0.78, 2.22) |
Q4 | 415 | 0.93 (0.63, 1.38) | 427 | 0.75 (0.33, 1.74) | 433 | 0.89 (0.46, 1.72) |
p for trend | 0.80 | 0.11 | 0.75 | |||
MEHHP | ||||||
Q1 | 781 | 1.00 | 235 | 1.00 | 307 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 565 | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) | 271 | 1.30 (0.71, 2.40) | 364 | 1.14 (0.64, 2.03) |
Q3 | 509 | 1.17 (0.85, 1.60) | 313 | 0.88 (0.48, 1.60) | 380 | 1.37 (0.68, 2.78) |
Q4 | 512 | 0.86 (0.57, 1.32) | 381 | 0.82 (0.42, 1.60) | 339 | 1.02 (0.56, 1.87) |
p for trend | 0.76 | 0.26 | 0.79 | |||
MEHP | ||||||
Q1 | 535 | 1.00 | 185 | 1.00 | 210 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 939 | 0.82 (0.58, 1.17) | 359 | 0.81 (0.49, 1.36) | 467 | 0.84 (0.46, 1.54) |
Q3 | 486 | 0.73 (0.50, 1.05) | 277 | 0.80 (0.45, 1.41) | 353 | 0.90 (0.46, 1.78) |
Q4 | 407 | 0.53 (0.35, 0.80) | 379 | 0.52 (0.27, 1.02) | 360 | 0.64 (0.31, 1.30) |
p for trend | 0.003 | 0.07 | 0.26 | |||
MiBP | ||||||
Q1 | 847 | 1.00 | 201 | 1.00 | 273 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 635 | 1.07 (0.76, 1.52) | 230 | 0.62 (0.37, 1.04) | 328 | 2.16 (1.37, 3.41) |
Q3 | 486 | 1.09 (0.74, 1.61) | 298 | 0.90 (0.47, 1.72) | 391 | 1.56 (0.87, 2.80) |
Q4 | 399 | 1.17 (0.71, 1.92) | 471 | 1.03 (0.59, 1.79) | 398 | 1.70 (0.92, 3.13) |
p for trend | 0.53 | 0.49 | 0.36 | |||
MEOHP | ||||||
Q1 | 767 | 1.00 | 236 | 1.00 | 302 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 562 | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99) | 255 | 1.47 (0.75, 2.87) | 356 | 1.41 (0.84, 2.35) |
Q3 | 526 | 1.00 (0.71, 1.40) | 323 | 1.00 (0.54, 1.83) | 378 | 1.28 (0.65, 2.54) |
Q4 | 512 | 0.78 (0.52, 1.16) | 386 | 0.87 (0.43, 1.74) | 354 | 1.26 (0.62, 2.56) |
p for trend | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.64 | |||
MBzP | ||||||
Q1 | 694 | 1.00 | 223 | 1.00 | 383 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 563 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.22) | 255 | 1.08 (0.63, 1.85) | 370 | 0.70 (0.43, 1.15) |
Q3 | 535 | 1.14 (0.78, 1.68) | 327 | 0.90 (0.52, 1.56) | 332 | 0.99 (0.55, 1.77) |
Q4 | 575 | 1.28 (0.80, 2.05) | 395 | 1.12 (0.61, 2.05) | 305 | 0.67 (0.34, 1.30) |
p for trend | 0.19 | 0.88 | 0.42 |
Phthalate Metabolites | White (n = 2503) | Black (n = 1211) | Mexican/Hispanic (n = 1346) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | |
∑ LMW | ||||||
Q1 | 746 | 1.00 | 166 | 1.00 | 214 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 704 | 0.81 (0.53, 1.22) | 275 | 0.48 (0.26, 0.87) | 340 | 0.77 (0.39, 1.52) |
Q3 | 573 | 0.79 (0.51, 1.21) | 353 | 0.46 (0.26, 0.81) | 377 | 1.10 (0.54, 2.25) |
Q4 | 480 | 0.93 (0.60, 1.44) | 417 | 0.42 (0.24, 0.75) | 415 | 0.90 (0.47, 1.73) |
p for trend | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.90 | |||
∑ HMW | ||||||
Q1 | 559 | 1.00 | 226 | 1.00 | 271 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 633 | 0.77 (0.54, 1.09) | 324 | 1.36 (0.75, 2.46) | 363 | 0.90 (0.51, 1.58) |
Q3 | 652 | 1.04 (0.72, 1.50) | 326 | 1.41 (0.76, 2.63) | 337 | 1.04 (0.54, 2.00) |
Q4 | 659 | 1.11 (0.72, 1.71) | 335 | 1.18 (0.62, 2.23) | 375 | 1.15 (0.60, 2.18) |
p for trend | 0.26 | 0.70 | 0.50 | |||
∑ DEHP | ||||||
Q1 | 575 | 1.00 | 247 | 1.00 | 246 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 621 | 1.22 (0.84, 1.77) | 317 | 1.33 (0.78, 2.28) | 360 | 0.99 (0.57, 1.73) |
Q3 | 651 | 1.11 (0.78, 1.59) | 323 | 1.01 (0.59, 1.72) | 361 | 1.12 (0.59, 2.14) |
Q4 | 656 | 1.54 (1.01, 2.35) | 324 | 1.49 (0.91, 2.43) | 379 | 1.40 (0.75, 2.64) |
p for trend | 0.06 | 0.32 | 0.21 |
Phthalate Metabolites | White (n = 2367) | Black (n = 1200) | Mexican/Hispanic (n = 1390) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | n | Multivariable a OR (95% CI) | |
∑ LMW | ||||||
Q1 | 839 | 1.00 | 141 | 1.00 | 242 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 595 | 1.10 (0.83, 1.47) | 244 | 0.97 (0.44, 2.14) | 339 | 1.17 (0.70, 1.93) |
Q3 | 522 | 0.96 (0.64, 1.45) | 379 | 0.97 (0.49, 1.92) | 369 | 1.28 (0.77, 2.15) |
Q4 | 411 | 0.84 (0.58, 1.21) | 436 | 0.63 (0.30, 1.34) | 440 | 0.85 (0.48, 1.50) |
p for trend | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.54 | |||
∑ HMW | ||||||
Q1 | 766 | 1.00 | 236 | 1.00 | 355 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 540 | 1.11 (0.81, 1.51) | 279 | 1.39 (0.85, 2.26) | 346 | 1.71 (1.04, 2.79) |
Q3 | 549 | 1.46 (1.05, 2.02) | 316 | 0.84 (0.42, 1.71) | 374 | 1.24 (0.64, 2.39) |
Q4 | 512 | 1.15 (0.83, 1.57) | 369 | 0.85 (0.46, 1.59) | 315 | 1.12 (0.62, 2.03) |
p for trend | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0.95 | |||
∑ DEHP | ||||||
Q1 | 782 | 1.00 | 242 | 1.00 | 288 | 1.00 |
Q2 | 558 | 0.90 (0.69, 1.16) | 265 | 1.38 (0.76, 2.50) | 363 | 1.17 (0.70, 1.99) |
Q3 | 514 | 1.14 (0.80, 1.63) | 318 | 0.68 (0.37, 1.23) | 396 | 1.24 (0.61, 2.53) |
Q4 | 513 | 0.93 (0.62, 1.41) | 375 | 0.79 (0.43, 1.47) | 343 | 0.94 (0.49, 1.78) |
p for trend | 0.99 | 0.14 | 0.87 |
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Ghosh, R.; Haque, M.; Turner, P.C.; Cruz-Cano, R.; Dallal, C.M. Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136870
Ghosh R, Haque M, Turner PC, Cruz-Cano R, Dallal CM. Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(13):6870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136870
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhosh, Rajrupa, Mefruz Haque, Paul C. Turner, Raul Cruz-Cano, and Cher M. Dallal. 2021. "Racial and Sex Differences between Urinary Phthalates and Metabolic Syndrome among U.S. Adults: NHANES 2005–2014" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13: 6870. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136870