Testing the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model during the COVID-19 Pandemic, with Partial Least Squares Second-Order Latent Constructs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Method
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Variables
3.2. The YPAP Predictors
Total Effects
3.3. Total Effect Decomposition
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
PA | Able | Worth | Reinforcement | Enabling | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA1 | 0.795 | 0.240 | 0.030 | −0.045 | −0.061 |
PA2 | 0.833 | 0.111 | −0.013 | −0.062 | −0.046 |
PA3 | 0.780 | −0.159 | −0.069 | 0.047 | 0.017 |
PA_tota | 0.772 | −0.206 | 0.053 | 0.066 | 0.095 |
lv_PC | −0.012 | 0.927 | 0.080 | 0.019 | 0.119 |
lv_SE | 0.012 | 0.927 | −0.080 | −0.019 | −0.119 |
lv_BORE | 0.051 | −0.393 | 0.879 | −0.162 | 0.025 |
lv_ENJO | −0.051 | 0.393 | 0.879 | 0.162 | −0.025 |
lv_Role | 0.002 | 0.095 | 0.232 | 0.852 | −0.467 |
lv_PS | −0.002 | −0.095 | −0.232 | 0.852 | 0.467 |
lv_SC | −0.038 | −0.034 | −0.025 | 0.033 | 0.944 |
lv_FS | 0.038 | 0.034 | 0.025 | −0.033 | 0.944 |
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Dimension | Items | Latent Construct | Variance Explained | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical activity | On a 7-day interval, how many times do you engage in physical activity that increases the rhythm of your breath and your pulse (unspecified duration)? | Physical activity, PA | 63.3% | 0.806 |
On a 7-day interval, how many times do you engage in moderate physical activity, such as fast walking, for at least 15 minutes? | ||||
On a 7-day interval, how many times do you engage in intense physical activity, such as jogging, for at least 15 minutes? | ||||
Do you regularly engage in at least 150 min of moderate intensity physical activity per week? | ||||
Predisposing—Able | I think I am pretty good at physical activity | Perceived competence, PC | 79.5% | 0.893 |
I am happy with my performance when I engage in physical activity. | ||||
After I engage in physical activity for some time, I feel I am pretty good at it. | ||||
I am pretty good at physical activity | ||||
How confident are you that you can engage in physical activity when you are tired? | Self-efficacy, SE | 75.9% | 0.893 | |
How confident are you that you can engage in physical activity when the weather is bad? | ||||
How confident are you that you can engage in physical activity when your program is very busy? | ||||
How confident are you that you can engage in physical activity when you have so many things to do? | ||||
Predisposing—Worth | I find engaging regularly in physical activity boring (reversed). | Attitudes | 85% | 0.823 |
When I must engage in physical activity, I feel I would do anything but this (reversed). | ||||
I like to engage in physical activity | Enjoyment | 85.6% | 0.958 | |
I find the physical activity pleasant. | ||||
I like very much to engage in physical activity; I feel completely absorbed in it. | ||||
When I engage in physical activity, I feel happy. | ||||
Engaging in physical activity is pleasant. | ||||
Enabling | I am good at any type of sports or physical activity. | Sports competence, SC | 81.5% | 0.772 |
I know how to organize my own physical activity program. | ||||
I am very confident regarding my fitness. | Fitness and skills, FS | 92.9% | 0.924 | |
I am very confident that I can keep myself in a good physical shape. | ||||
There is a lot of green in my neighborhood. | Environmental factors, EF | 68.5% | 0.769 | |
There are many beautiful buildings and places in the vicinity of my home. | ||||
There are many interesting things in my neighborhood, to be discovered when I walk. | ||||
Reinforcing | My friends encourage me to engage in sport and physical activities. | Peer-support | 65.7% | 0.826 |
My friends engage in sport and physical activities together with me | ||||
I encourage my friends to engage in sport and physical activities. | ||||
My friends tell me that I am doing well at sport and physical activities. | ||||
When I see people engaged in physical activity, I feel motivated to engage too. | Role-model | 76.4% | 0.690 | |
I admire people who are physically active. |
Categorical Descriptors | Frequency | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Female | 70% | ||||
Male | 30% | ||||
Body Mass Index | |||||
Underweight | 18.6% | ||||
Normal weight | 66.8% | ||||
Overweight | 11.7% | ||||
Obesity | 2.9% | ||||
Numerical descriptors | Min | Mean | Median | Max | SD |
Age | 18 | 19 | 19.6 | 23 | 1 |
Body Mass Index | 13.7 | 21.5 | 23.3 | 35.4 | 3.5 |
Second-Order Latent Construct | Predisposition—Able | Predisposition—Worth | Reinforcing | Enabling |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cronbach’s alpha (>0.7) | 0.837 | 0.706 | 0.621 | 0.878 |
Composite reliability index (>0.7) | 0.925 | 0.872 | 0.841 | 0.942 |
Variance extracted (AVE > 0.5) | 86.0% | 77.3% | 72.5% | 89.1% |
PA | Able | Worth | Reinforcing | Enabling | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA | 0.795 | 0.580 | 0.536 | 0.448 | 0.555 |
Able | 0.580 | 0.927 | 0.625 | 0.592 | 0.849 |
Worth | 0.536 | 0.625 | 0.879 | 0.577 | 0.596 |
Reinforcing | 0.448 | 0.592 | 0.577 | 0.852 | 0.594 |
Enabling | 0.555 | 0.849 | 0.596 | 0.594 | 0.944 |
Model | Direct Effects | Indirect Effect Via Mediators | Total Effect | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predisposing—Able | Predisposing—Worth | Physical activity (PA) | - | Physical Activity (PA) | |
Able | - | - | 0.249 *** (p < 0.001) | - | 0.249 *** (p < 0.001) |
Worth | - | - | 0.259 *** (p < 0.001) | - | 0.259 *** (p < 0.001) |
Reinforcing | 0.133 (p < 0.001) | 0.578 (p < 0.001) | 0.058 (0.065) | 0.183 (p < 0.001) | 0.241 *** (p < 0.001) |
Enabling | 0.768 (p < 0.001) | - | 0.151 (p < 0.001) | 0.191 (p < 0.001) | 0.343 *** (p < 0.001) |
Age | - | - | −0.090 * (0.010) | - | −0.090 * (0.010) |
BMI | - | - | 0.075 * (0.026) | - | 0.075 * (0.026) |
Gender Female Male | - | - | Reference −0.010 (0.398) | - | Reference −0.010 (0.398) |
R2/Adjusted R2 | 73.1%/73.1% | 33.4%/33.3% | 41.3%/40.7% | - | - |
Tenehaus GoF (small >= 0.1, medium >= 0.25, large >= 0.36) | 0.651 |
Model | Able | Worth | Physical Activity (PA) |
---|---|---|---|
Able | - | 0.145 | |
Worth | - | 0.142 | |
Reinforcing | 0.080 | 0.334 | 0.027 |
Enabling | 0.651 | - | 0.084 |
Age | - | - | 0.004 |
BMI | - | - | 0.010 |
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Druică, E.; Ianole-Călin, R.; Sakizlian, M.; Aducovschi, D.; Dumitrescu, R.; Sakizlian, R. Testing the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model during the COVID-19 Pandemic, with Partial Least Squares Second-Order Latent Constructs. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126398
Druică E, Ianole-Călin R, Sakizlian M, Aducovschi D, Dumitrescu R, Sakizlian R. Testing the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model during the COVID-19 Pandemic, with Partial Least Squares Second-Order Latent Constructs. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126398
Chicago/Turabian StyleDruică, Elena, Rodica Ianole-Călin, Monica Sakizlian, Daniela Aducovschi, Remus Dumitrescu, and Robert Sakizlian. 2021. "Testing the Youth Physical Activity Promotion Model during the COVID-19 Pandemic, with Partial Least Squares Second-Order Latent Constructs" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6398. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126398