Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable Description | Observations | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min | Max | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Number of Premature Deaths (WHO) | 288 | 39,924.17 | 89,881.62 | 213 | 442,544 | World Health OrganizationGlobal Health Repository |
Premature Child Mortality per 1000 live births (WB data) | 288 | 36.13 | 25.81 | 7.4 | 112.6 | Work Bank Tables |
PM2.5 (Particulate Matter) | 160 | 44.1774 | 24.51686 | 11.09962 | 100.7844 | Work Bank Tables |
GDP Per Capita | 288 | 3805.489 | 3454.672 | 346.7747 | 14,936.4 | Work Bank Tables |
Population Density | 288 | 223.1709 | 265.3905 | 1.543189 | 1265.036 | Work Bank Tables |
Mortality (Less than 5 years) | 288 | 36.13681 | 25.81633 | 7.4 | 112.6 | Work Bank Tables |
Average Education | 287 | 72.92878 | 20.52273 | 20.01234 | 120.6316 | Work Bank Tables |
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Log of Child Mortality (WHO Dataset) | Log of Child Mortality (WB Dataset) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Log of PM2.5 | −0.0984 | −0.0885 | −0.176 | −0.168 |
(−1.047) | (−0.821) | (−1.392) | (−1.093) | |
Log of GDP Per Capita | 1.079 | 0.961 | 1.152 | 1.058 |
(1.414) | (1.351) | (1.289) | (1.305) | |
Log of (GDP Per Capita)2 | −0.121 ** | −0.104 ** | −0.126 ** | −0.110 * |
(−2.441) | (−2.209) | (−2.306) | (−2.088) | |
Log of Population Density | −0.356 | −0.403 | −1.458 | −1.486 |
(−0.388) | (−0.449) | (−1.533) | (−1.542) | |
Log of (Population Density)2 | 0.0330 | 0.0551 | 0.0577 | 0.0709 |
(0.389) | (0.582) | (0.661) | (0.758) | |
Average Education | −0.00556 ** | −0.00538 ** | ||
(−2.239) | (−2.148) | |||
Constant | 9.399 ** | 9.267 *** | 8.236 ** | 8.130 ** |
(2.886) | (3.290) | (2.292) | (2.460) | |
Country FE | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Observations | 160 | 159 | 160 | 159 |
R-squared | 0.745 | 0.769 | 0.853 | 0.874 |
Number of Countries | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
Dep. Var: PM2.5 | OLS | OLS-FE | OLS RE |
---|---|---|---|
GDP Per Capita | −0.0105 * | −0.00279 *** | −0.00314 *** |
(−1.990) | (−3.109) | (−3.491) | |
(GDP Per Capita)2 | 6.23 × 10−7 * | 1.24 × 10−7 ** | 1.39 × 10−7 *** |
(1.840) | (2.648) | (2.886) | |
Population Density | 0.0164 | 0.00626 | 0.0239 |
(0.228) | (0.134) | (0.624) | |
(Population Density)2 | −6.90 × 10−6 | −4.57 × 10−6 | −1.14 × 10−5 |
(−0.132) | (−0.227) | (−0.641) | |
Constant | 65.91 *** | 51.21 *** | 49.03 *** |
(3.497) | (6.588) | (9.313) | |
F-Test | 15.85 | 12.79 | - |
R-squared | 0.349 | 0.117 | - |
Observations | 160 | 160 | 160 |
Child Mortality (WHO Dataset) | Child Mortality (WB Dataset) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
PM2.5 | 0.145 *** | 0.0935 | 0.152 ** | 0.1000 |
(2.760) | (1.568) | (2.460) | (1.463) | |
Population Density | −0.000218 | 0.00415 | −0.00514 | −0.00154 |
(−0.0255) | (0.553) | (−0.567) | (−0.191) | |
(Population Density)2 | −8.28 × 10−7 | −2.57 × 10−6 | 1.25 × 10−6 | −1.65 × 10−7 |
(−0.225) | (−0.806) | (0.323) | (−0.0490) | |
Average Education | −0.0109 | −0.0109 | ||
(−1.392) | (−1.140) | |||
Constant | 2.742 | 5.054 | −2.492 | −0.0135 |
(3.253) | (3.343) | (3.695) | (3.718) | |
Country FE | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Observations | 160 | 159 | 160 | 159 |
Number of country1 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
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Anwar, A.; Ullah, I.; Younis, M.; Flahault, A. Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126375
Anwar A, Ullah I, Younis M, Flahault A. Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126375
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar, Asim, Inayat Ullah, Mustafa Younis, and Antoine Flahault. 2021. "Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126375
APA StyleAnwar, A., Ullah, I., Younis, M., & Flahault, A. (2021). Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126375