Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variable Description | Observations | Mean | Standard Deviation | Min | Max | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Number of Premature Deaths (WHO) | 288 | 39,924.17 | 89,881.62 | 213 | 442,544 | World Health OrganizationGlobal Health Repository |
Premature Child Mortality per 1000 live births (WB data) | 288 | 36.13 | 25.81 | 7.4 | 112.6 | Work Bank Tables |
PM2.5 (Particulate Matter) | 160 | 44.1774 | 24.51686 | 11.09962 | 100.7844 | Work Bank Tables |
GDP Per Capita | 288 | 3805.489 | 3454.672 | 346.7747 | 14,936.4 | Work Bank Tables |
Population Density | 288 | 223.1709 | 265.3905 | 1.543189 | 1265.036 | Work Bank Tables |
Mortality (Less than 5 years) | 288 | 36.13681 | 25.81633 | 7.4 | 112.6 | Work Bank Tables |
Average Education | 287 | 72.92878 | 20.52273 | 20.01234 | 120.6316 | Work Bank Tables |
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Log of Child Mortality (WHO Dataset) | Log of Child Mortality (WB Dataset) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Log of PM2.5 | −0.0984 | −0.0885 | −0.176 | −0.168 |
(−1.047) | (−0.821) | (−1.392) | (−1.093) | |
Log of GDP Per Capita | 1.079 | 0.961 | 1.152 | 1.058 |
(1.414) | (1.351) | (1.289) | (1.305) | |
Log of (GDP Per Capita)2 | −0.121 ** | −0.104 ** | −0.126 ** | −0.110 * |
(−2.441) | (−2.209) | (−2.306) | (−2.088) | |
Log of Population Density | −0.356 | −0.403 | −1.458 | −1.486 |
(−0.388) | (−0.449) | (−1.533) | (−1.542) | |
Log of (Population Density)2 | 0.0330 | 0.0551 | 0.0577 | 0.0709 |
(0.389) | (0.582) | (0.661) | (0.758) | |
Average Education | −0.00556 ** | −0.00538 ** | ||
(−2.239) | (−2.148) | |||
Constant | 9.399 ** | 9.267 *** | 8.236 ** | 8.130 ** |
(2.886) | (3.290) | (2.292) | (2.460) | |
Country FE | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Observations | 160 | 159 | 160 | 159 |
R-squared | 0.745 | 0.769 | 0.853 | 0.874 |
Number of Countries | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
Dep. Var: PM2.5 | OLS | OLS-FE | OLS RE |
---|---|---|---|
GDP Per Capita | −0.0105 * | −0.00279 *** | −0.00314 *** |
(−1.990) | (−3.109) | (−3.491) | |
(GDP Per Capita)2 | 6.23 × 10−7 * | 1.24 × 10−7 ** | 1.39 × 10−7 *** |
(1.840) | (2.648) | (2.886) | |
Population Density | 0.0164 | 0.00626 | 0.0239 |
(0.228) | (0.134) | (0.624) | |
(Population Density)2 | −6.90 × 10−6 | −4.57 × 10−6 | −1.14 × 10−5 |
(−0.132) | (−0.227) | (−0.641) | |
Constant | 65.91 *** | 51.21 *** | 49.03 *** |
(3.497) | (6.588) | (9.313) | |
F-Test | 15.85 | 12.79 | - |
R-squared | 0.349 | 0.117 | - |
Observations | 160 | 160 | 160 |
Child Mortality (WHO Dataset) | Child Mortality (WB Dataset) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
PM2.5 | 0.145 *** | 0.0935 | 0.152 ** | 0.1000 |
(2.760) | (1.568) | (2.460) | (1.463) | |
Population Density | −0.000218 | 0.00415 | −0.00514 | −0.00154 |
(−0.0255) | (0.553) | (−0.567) | (−0.191) | |
(Population Density)2 | −8.28 × 10−7 | −2.57 × 10−6 | 1.25 × 10−6 | −1.65 × 10−7 |
(−0.225) | (−0.806) | (0.323) | (−0.0490) | |
Average Education | −0.0109 | −0.0109 | ||
(−1.392) | (−1.140) | |||
Constant | 2.742 | 5.054 | −2.492 | −0.0135 |
(3.253) | (3.343) | (3.695) | (3.718) | |
Country FE | YES | YES | YES | YES |
Observations | 160 | 159 | 160 | 159 |
Number of country1 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
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Anwar, A.; Ullah, I.; Younis, M.; Flahault, A. Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126375
Anwar A, Ullah I, Younis M, Flahault A. Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(12):6375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126375
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar, Asim, Inayat Ullah, Mustafa Younis, and Antoine Flahault. 2021. "Impact of Air Pollution (PM2.5) on Child Mortality: Evidence from Sixteen Asian Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126375