Smoke-Free Home Rules and Association with Child Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Mother–Child Dyad Relationships
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Collection of Saliva Samples and Cotinine Assay Procedures
2.3. Child Secondhand Smoke Exposure
2.4. Home Smoking Rule
2.5. Other Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Cotinine Concentration by Home Smoking Rule
3.3. Risk for Secondhand Smoke Exposure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Smoke-Free Rule | No Smoke-Free Rule | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | χ2, p-Value | n | % | |
Total | 203 | 58.7% | 143 | 41.3% | 346 | 100.0% | |
Child age | 0.29, 0.8667 | ||||||
3–4 | 78 | 38.4% | 59 | 41.3% | 137 | 39.6% | |
5–6 | 72 | 35.5% | 48 | 33.6% | 120 | 34.7% | |
7–13 | 53 | 26.1% | 36 | 25.2% | 89 | 25.7% | |
Child gender | 0.17, 0.6791 | ||||||
Female | 108 | 53.2% | 72 | 50.3% | 180 | 52.0% | |
Male | 95 | 46.8% | 71 | 49.7% | 166 | 48.0% | |
Maternal race/ethnicity | 5.18, 0.0750 | ||||||
White | 78 | 38.4% | 42 | 29.4% | 120 | 34.7% | |
Black | 109 | 53.7% | 94 | 65.7% | 203 | 58.7% | |
Other | 16 | 7.9% | 7 | 4.9% | 23 | 6.6% | |
Maternal education | 29.00, <0.001 | ||||||
Non-college graduate | 98 | 48.3% | 111 | 77.6% | 209 | 60.4% | |
College graduate | 105 | 51.7% | 32 | 22.4% | 137 | 39.6% | |
Household income | 15.77, 0.0013 | ||||||
<USD 15,000 | 42 | 20.7% | 42 | 29.4% | 84 | 24.3% | |
USD 15,000–USD 30,000 | 40 | 19.7% | 38 | 26.6% | 78 | 22.5% | |
USD 30,000–USD 60,000 | 39 | 19.2% | 34 | 23.8% | 73 | 21.1% | |
>USD 60,000 | 82 | 40.4% | 29 | 20.3% | 111 | 32.1% | |
Household smoker status | 104.35, <0.001 | ||||||
No smokers in home | 177 | 87.2% | 49 | 34.3% | 226 | 65.3% | |
1 or more, non-smoking mother | 12 | 5.9% | 34 | 23.8% | 46 | 13.3 | |
1 or more, smoking mother | 14 | 6.9% | 60 | 42.0% | 74 | 21.4% |
Smoke-Free Rule | No Smoke-Free Rule | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | p-Value | n | Mean | SD | p-Value | |
Total | 203 | 0.49 | 0.97 | 143 | 1.76 | 2.76 | <0.001 | |
Household smoker status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
No smokers | 177 | 0.31 | 0.63 | 49 | 0.34 | 0.52 | 0.6215 | |
1 or more, non-smoking mother | 12 | 0.90 | 1.60 | 34 | 1.50 | 2.38 | 0.1018 | |
1 or more, smoking mother | 14 | 2.35 | 1.63 | 60 | 3.06 | 3.39 | 0.8848 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | n | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
Maternal race (reference = White) | 120 | ||||
Black | 203 | 1.17 | (0.54, 2.58) | 1.75 | (0.74, 4.23) |
Other | 23 | 1.07 | (0.24, 4.09) | 1.48 | (0.30, 6.36) |
Maternal education (reference = Non-college graduate) | 209 | ||||
College graduate | 137 | 0.31 | (0.11, 0.76) | 0.45 | (0.15, 1.20) |
Household income (reference = <USD 15,000) | 84 | ||||
USD 15,000–USD 30,000 | 78 | 0.58 | (0.29, 1.12) | 0.69 | (0.32, 1.47) |
USD 30,000–USD 60,000 | 73 | 0.32 | (0.14, 0.69) | 0.42 | (0.17, 1.00) |
>USD 60,000 | 111 | 0.10 | (0.03, 0.31) | 0.18 | (0.04, 0.63) |
Home smoking rule (reference = smoke-free home) | 203 | ||||
No smoke-free home rule | 143 | 3.52 | (1.99, 6.38) | 1.20 | (0.56, 2.52) |
Household smoker status (reference = no smokers) | 226 | ||||
1 or more, non-smoking mother | 46 | 5.35 | (2.22, 13.17) | ||
1 or more, smoking mother | 74 | 13.73 | (6.06, 33.28) |
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Fallavollita, W.L.; Do, E.K.; Schechter, J.C.; Kollins, S.H.; Zheng, J.; Qin, J.; Maguire, R.L.; Hoyo, C.; Murphy, S.K.; Fuemmeler, B.F. Smoke-Free Home Rules and Association with Child Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Mother–Child Dyad Relationships. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105256
Fallavollita WL, Do EK, Schechter JC, Kollins SH, Zheng J, Qin J, Maguire RL, Hoyo C, Murphy SK, Fuemmeler BF. Smoke-Free Home Rules and Association with Child Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Mother–Child Dyad Relationships. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10):5256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105256
Chicago/Turabian StyleFallavollita, Westley L., Elizabeth K. Do, Julia C. Schechter, Scott H. Kollins, Junfeng (Jim) Zheng, Jian Qin, Rachel L. Maguire, Cathrine Hoyo, Susan K. Murphy, and Bernard F. Fuemmeler. 2021. "Smoke-Free Home Rules and Association with Child Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Mother–Child Dyad Relationships" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10: 5256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105256