Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Protocol and Registration
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.2.1. Inclusion Criteria
2.2.2. Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Information Sources
2.4. Search
2.5. Study Selection
2.6. Data Collection Process
2.7. Data Items
2.8. Risk of Bias Assessment
2.9. Summary Measures
2.10. Synthesis of the Results
3. Results
3.1. Risk of Bias
3.2. Study Characteristics
4. Discussion
4.1. Nails as Biomarkers for Monitoring Fluoride Exposure
4.2. Hair as Biomarker for Monitoring Fluoride Exposure
4.3. Comparison between Nails and Hair
4.4. Comparison between Recent Biomarkers and the Rest of the Employed Biomarkers of Fluoride Exposure
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | n | M | F | Age (yrs) | Design | Fluoride Exposure ± SD | Mean F− ± SD (µg/g) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buzalaf et al. (2006) | 10 | NS | NS | 20–35 | Longitudinal | a 0.6 | 1.48 | <0.01 |
b, c 1.626 ± 0.774 | ||||||||
Buzalaf et al. (2011) | 121 | NS | NS | 4–6 | Cross-sectional | d 0.6–0.8 | 2.11 ± 0.90 | <0.001 |
b, c 0.065 ± 0.03 | ||||||||
d 0.6–0.9 | 3.38 ± 1.98 | |||||||
b, c 0.084 ± 0.029 | ||||||||
b, c, e 0.088 ± 0.044 | 6.09 ± 2.21 | |||||||
f 250/1.0 | 2.62 ± 0.82 | |||||||
b, c 0.088 ± 0.052 | ||||||||
b, c 0.027 ± 0.022 | 1.93 ± 0.82 | |||||||
Buzalaf et al. (2012) | 56 | 30 | 26 | 2–7 10–15 | Longitudinal | d 0.1 | 1.75 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
d 0.6–0.8 | 3.01 ± 1.36 | |||||||
d 2.3 | 6.28 ± 2.69 | |||||||
Corrêa-Rodrigues et al. (2004) | 10 | NS | NS | 2–3 | Longitudinal | d 0.6–0.8 c 1571 | 2.71 ± 0.97 (for the first 4 weeks and the last 6 weeks) | <0.01 |
Fukushima et al. (2009) | 300 | NS | NS | 3–7 14–20 30–40 50–60 | Longitudinal | d 0.09 ± 0.01, c * | 1.54 ± 0.10 | <0.001 |
d 0.15 ± 0.01, c * | 1.54 ± 0.10 | |||||||
d 0.66 ± 0.01, c * | 1.93 ± 0.15 | |||||||
d 0.72 ± 0.02, c * | 6.04 ± 0.84 | |||||||
d 1.68 ± 0.08, c * | 6.08 ± 0.54 | |||||||
Mean | 3.55 ± 0.24 | |||||||
Idowu et al. (2020) | 61 | NS | NS | 4–6 | Cross-sectional | d 0.04 | 3.237 ± 2.636 | <0.001 |
d 3.05 | 10.420 ± 3.761 | |||||||
Lima-Arsati et al. (2010) | 23 | 10 | 3 | 1–3 | Longitudinal | d 0.72 b, c 0.086 ± 0.032 | ||
2.57 ± 1.49 | 0.165 | |||||||
b 0.040 ± 0.009 | 3.33 ± 1.41 | 0.701 | ||||||
Linhares et al. (2016) | 129 | 0 | 129 | 4–12 25–50 | Cross-sectional | d 0.84 ± 0.012 | 4–12 yrs 2.47 ± 0.27 25–50 yrs 1.40 ± 0.08 | <0.05 |
d 0.29 ± 0.001 | 4–12 yrs 1.27 ± 0.33 25–50 yrs 0.67 ± 0.11 | |||||||
d 0.43 ± 0.014 | 4–12 yrs 1.14 ± 0.19 25–50 yrs 1.43 ± 0.44 | |||||||
d 1.71 ± 0.008 | 4–12 yrs 2.78 ± 0.55 25–50 yrs 2.75 ± 0.57 | |||||||
Rango et al. (2017) | 386 | NS | NS | 10–50 | Cross-sectional | d | 5.1 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
d < 2 | 2.6 ± 1.6 | |||||||
d > 2–5 | 3.8 ± 2.3 | |||||||
d > 5–8 | 6.8 ± 5.8 | |||||||
d > 8–12 | 7.3 ± 4.4 | |||||||
de Sousa et al. (2018) | 30 | NS | NS | 2–6 | Longitudinal | d, g 0.181 ± 0.132 | 2.87 ± 1.08 | 0.24 |
d 0.03 ± 0.04 g 0.057 ± 0.045 | 1.82 ± 0.85 |
Author | n | M | F | Age (yrs) | Design | Fluoride Exposure ± SD | Mean F– ± SD (µg/g) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buzalaf et al. (2006) | 10 | NS | NS | 20–35 | Longitudinal | a 0.6 b, c 1.626 ± 0.774 | 1.53 | <0.05 |
Buzalaf et al. (2011) | 121 | NS | NS | 4–6 | Cross-sectional | d 0.6–0.8 b, c 0.065 ± 0.03 | 1.42 ± 0.54 | <0.001 |
d 0.6–0.9 b, c 0.084 ± 0.029 | 2.24 ± 0.82 | |||||||
b, c, e 0.088 ± 0.044 | 6.70 ± 3.03 | |||||||
f 250/1.0 b, c 0.088 ± 0.052 | 2.63 ± 0.58 | |||||||
b, c 0.027 ± 0.022 | 1.62 ± 0.47 | |||||||
Carvalhoa et al. (2017) | 242 | 107 | 135 | 4–6 | Cross-sectional | d 0.6–0.8 | 1.61 ± 1.06 | >0.05 |
g | DF = 1.65 ± 1.08 no DF = 1.58 ± 1.06 | |||||||
h | DF = 1.90 ± 1.30 no DF = 1.59 ± 1.04 | |||||||
c 1571 | DF = 1.87 ± 1.37 no DF = 1.55 ± 0.96 | |||||||
i | DF = 1.55 ± 1.17 no DF = 1.63 ± 0.96 | |||||||
Charone et al. (2012) | 54 | NS | NS | 3–14 | Cross-sectional | d | 1.85 ± 1.32 1.58 ± 0.78 | 0.38 |
Corrêa-Rodrigues et al. (2004) | 10 | NS | NS | 2–3 | Longitudinal | d 0.6–0.8 c 1571 | 2.70 ± 1.17 (for the first 4 weeks and the last 6 weeks) | <0.01 |
Elekdag-Turk et al. (2019) | 42 | 22 | 20 | NS | Cross-sectional | d ≥ 2.0 d ≤ 0.05 | 2.34 ± 0.26 0.98 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
Fukushima et al. (2009) | 300 | NS | NS | 3–7 14–20 30–40 50–60 | Longitudinal | d 0.09 ± 0.01, c * | 1.14 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
d 0.15 ± 0.01, c * | 2.27 ± 0.13 | |||||||
d 0.66 ± 0.01, c * | 1.98 ± 0.12 | |||||||
d 0.72 ± 0.02, c * | 4.46 ± 0.32 | |||||||
d 1.68 ± 0.08, c * | 5.94 ± 0.35 | |||||||
Mean | 3.16 ± 0.14 | |||||||
Idowu et al. (2020) | 61 | NS | NS | 4–5 | Cross-sectional | d 0.04 | 3.378 ± 2.19 | <0.001 |
d 3.05 | 10.371 ± 3.90 | |||||||
Sankhala et al. (2014) | 40 | 23 | 17 | 41–60 | Cross-sectional | d 4.1 | 82.38 ± 6.89 | 0.001 |
d 4.8 | 86.14 ± 9.77 | |||||||
d 5.6 | 103.92 ± 16.89 | |||||||
de Sousa et al. (2018) | 30 | NS | NS | 2–6 | Longitudinal | d, j 0.181 ± 0.132 | 2.85 ± 1.35 | <0.05 |
d 0.03 ± 0.04 | 1.46 ± 0.27 | |||||||
j 0.057 ± 0.045 |
Author | n | M | F | Age (yrs) | Design | Fluoride Exposure ± SD | Mean F− ± SD (µg/g) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antonijevic et al. (2016) | 52 | 29 | 23 | 7–15 | Cross-sectional | a 0.59 | 5.28 | <0.05 |
Elekdag-Turk et al. (2019) | 42 | 22 | 20 | NS | Cross-sectional | a ≥ 2.0 | 0.24 ± 0.04 | 0.004 |
a ≤ 0.05 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | |||||||
Idowu et al. (2020) | 61 | NS | NS | 4–5 | Cross-sectional | a 0.04 | 0.74 ± 0.61 | 0.027 |
a 3.05 | 1.83 ± 1.09 | |||||||
Joshi & Ajithkrishnan (2013) | 36 | 19 | 17 | 35–60 | Cross-sectional | a 0.11 | 0.35 ± 0.063 | <0.001 |
a 3.43 | 3.40 ± 1.043 | |||||||
Parimi et al. (2013) | 30 | 19 | 11 | 35–60 | Cross-sectional | a 5.2 | 2171 ± 1647 | 0.000 |
a 0.3–0.5 | 25.06 ± 18.52 |
Biomarker | Type | Obtaining Method | Storage and Processing | Type of Measured Exposure | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recent | Contemporary | Historical | Noninvasive | Invasive | Simple | Complex | Immediate/ Acute | Chronic/ Sub-chronic | |
Nails | X | X | X | X | |||||
Hair | X | X | X | X | |||||
Plasma | X | X | X | X | |||||
Saliva | X | X | X | X | |||||
Urine | X | X | X | X | |||||
Teeth | X | X | X | X | |||||
Bone | X | X | X | X |
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Lavalle-Carrasco, J.; Molina-Frechero, N.; Nevárez-Rascón, M.; Sánchez-Pérez, L.; Hamdan-Partida, A.; González-González, R.; Cassi, D.; Isiordia-Espinoza, M.A.; Bologna-Molina, R. Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010317
Lavalle-Carrasco J, Molina-Frechero N, Nevárez-Rascón M, Sánchez-Pérez L, Hamdan-Partida A, González-González R, Cassi D, Isiordia-Espinoza MA, Bologna-Molina R. Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010317
Chicago/Turabian StyleLavalle-Carrasco, Jesús, Nelly Molina-Frechero, Martina Nevárez-Rascón, Leonor Sánchez-Pérez, Aida Hamdan-Partida, Rogelio González-González, Diana Cassi, Mario Alberto Isiordia-Espinoza, and Ronell Bologna-Molina. 2021. "Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010317
APA StyleLavalle-Carrasco, J., Molina-Frechero, N., Nevárez-Rascón, M., Sánchez-Pérez, L., Hamdan-Partida, A., González-González, R., Cassi, D., Isiordia-Espinoza, M. A., & Bologna-Molina, R. (2021). Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010317