Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Lung Cancer in Shenzhen, 2008–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Quality Control
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution and Incidence
3.2. Histological Type
3.3. Trend Analysis
3.4. Spatial Autocorrelation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Nasim, F.; Sabath, B.F.; Eapen, G.A. Lung Cancer. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2019, 103, 463–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R.L.; Torre, L.A.; Jemal, A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, W.; Zheng, R.; Baade, P.D.; Zhang, S.; Zeng, H.; Bray, F.; Jemal, A.; Yu, X.Q.; He, J. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2016, 66, 115–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhou, M.; Wang, H.; Zeng, X.; Yin, P.; Zhu, J.; Chen, W.; Li, X.; Wang, L.; Wang, L.; Liu, Y.; et al. Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2019, 394, 1145–1158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lemjabbar-Alaoui, H.; Hassan, O.U.; Yang, Y.W.; Buchanan, P. Lung cancer: Biology and treatment options. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2015, 1856, 189–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Beasley, M.B.; Brambilla, E.; Travis, W.D. The 2004 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors. Semin Roentgenol. 2005, 40, 90–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, L.; Wang, N.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, S.; Li, H.; Tian, J.; Ji, J.; Ren, A. Secular trends in incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Beijing, China, 2000–2016. Chin. J. Cancer Res. 2019, 31, 306–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kong, J.; Xu, F.; He, M.; Chen, K.; Qian, B. The incidence of lung cancer by histological type: A population-based study in Tianjin, China during 1981–2005. Respirology 2014, 19, 1222–1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Wu, L.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, B.; Wu, X.; Wang, Y.; Pang, Z. Trends in the incidence rate of lung cancer by histological type and gender in Sichuan, China, 1995-2015: A single-center retrospective study. Thorac. Cancer 2018, 9, 532–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinoshita, F.L.; Ito, Y.; Nakayama, T. Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence Rates by Histological Type in 1975-2008: A Population-Based Study in Osaka, Japan. J. Epidemiol. 2016, 26, 579–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aareleid, T.; Zimmermann, M.L.; Baburin, A.; Innos, K. Divergent trends in lung cancer incidence by gender, age and histological type in Estonia: A nationwide population-based study. BMC Cancer 2017, 17, 596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stellman, S.D.; Muscat, J.E.; Thompson, S.; Hoffmann, D.; Wynder, E.L. Risk of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the lung in relation to lifetime filter cigarette smoking. Cancer 1997, 80, 382–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, M.S.; Wu, X.R.; Lee, H.W.; Xia, Y.; Deng, F.M.; Moreira, A.L.; Chen, L.C.; Huang, W.C.; Lepor, H. Electronic-cigarette smoke induces lung adenocarcinoma and bladder urothelial hyperplasia in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 21727–21731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lee, H.W.; Park, S.H.; Weng, M.W.; Wang, H.T.; Huang, W.C.; Lepor, H.; Wu, X.R.; Chen, L.C.; Tang, M.S. E-cigarette smoke damages DNA and reduces repair activity in mouse lung, heart, and bladder as well as in human lung and bladder cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2018, 115, E1560–E1569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Al-Ahmadi, K.; Al-Zahrani, A. Spatial autocorrelation of cancer incidence in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10, 7207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Y.; Zeng, H.; Zheng, R.; Li, S.; Barnett, A.G.; Zhang, S.; Zou, X.; Huxley, R.; Chen, W.; Williams, G. The association between lung cancer incidence and ambient air pollution in China: A spatiotemporal analysis. Environ. Res. 2016, 144, 60–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fritz, A.; Percy, C.; Jack, A.; Shanmugaratnam, K.; Sobin, L.; Parkin, D.M.; Whelan, S.; Perkin, D.M. International Classification of Disease for Oncology, 3rd ed.; WHO Press: Geneva, Switzerland, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, H.J.; Fay, M.P.; Feuer, E.J.; Midthune, D.N. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat. Med. 2000, 19, 335–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, F. Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, S.; Chen, Q.; Guo, L.; Cao, X.; Sun, X.; Chen, W.; He, J. Incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China, 2008–2012. Chin. J. Cancer Res. 2018, 30, 580–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lortet-Tieulent, J.; Renteria, E.; Sharp, L.; Weiderpass, E.; Comber, H.; Baas, P.; Bray, F.; Coebergh, J.W.; Soerjomataram, I. Convergence of decreasing male and increasing female incidence rates in major tobacco-related cancers in Europe in 1988–2010. Eur. J. Cancer 2015, 51, 1144–1163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Houston, K.A.; Henley, S.J.; Li, J.; White, M.C.; Richards, T.B. Patterns in lung cancer incidence rates and trends by histologic type in the United States, 2004–2009. Lung Cancer 2014, 86, 22–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mollerup, S.; Ryberg, D.; Hewer, A.; Phillips, D.H.; Haugen, A. Sex differences in lung CYP1A1 expression and DNA adduct levels among lung cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 3317–3320. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Siegfried, J.M. Women and lung cancer: Does oestrogen play a role? Lancet Oncol. 2001, 2, 506–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liaw, Y.P.; Ting, T.F.; Ho, K.K.; Yang, C.F. Cell type specificity of lung cancer associated with air pollution. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 395, 23–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Devesa, S.S.; Shaw, G.L.; Blot, W.J. Changing patterns of lung cancer incidence by histological type. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 1991, 1, 29–34. [Google Scholar]
- Wynder, E.L.; Muscat, J.E. The changing epidemiology of smoking and lung cancer histology. Environ. Health Perspect 1995, 103, 143–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thun, M.J.; Lally, C.A.; Flannery, J.T.; Calle, E.E.; Flanders, W.D.; Heath, C.W., Jr. Cigarette smoking and changes in the histopathology of lung cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1997, 89, 1580–1586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ito, H.; Matsuo, K.; Tanaka, H.; Koestler, D.C.; Ombao, H.; Fulton, J.; Shibata, A.; Fujita, M.; Sugiyama, H.; Soda, M.; et al. Nonfilter and filter cigarette consumption and the incidence of lung cancer by histological type in Japan and the United States: Analysis of 30-year data from population-based cancer registries. Int. J. Cancer 2011, 128, 1918–1928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devesa, S.S.; Bray, F.; Vizcaino, A.P.; Parkin, D.M. International lung cancer trends by histologic type: Male:female differences diminishing and adenocarcinoma rates rising. Int. J. Cancer 2005, 117, 294–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hu, L.; Griffith, D.A.; Chun, Y. Space-Time Statistical Insights about Geographic Variation in Lung Cancer Incidence Rates: Florida, USA, 2000–2011. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schoenborn, C.A.; Adams, P.F.; Barnes, P.M.; Vickerie, J.L.; Schiller, J.S. Health behaviors of adults: United States, 1999–2001. Vital Health Stat. 2004, 10, 1–79. [Google Scholar]
- Giorgini, P.; Rubenfire, M.; Bard, R.L.; Jackson, E.A.; Ferri, C.; Brook, R.D. Air Pollution and Exercise: A review of the cardiovascular implications for health care professionals. J. Cardiopulm Rehabil. Prev. 2016, 36, 84–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Wan, B.; Chen, Q.; Huang, B.; Cui, Y.; Chung, H. The impact of urbanization on air stagnation: Shenzhen as case study. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 664, 347–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Groot, P.; Munden, R.F. Lung cancer epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention. Radiol. Clin. N. Am. 2012, 50, 863–876. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mou, J.; Zhao, X.; Fan, J.; Yan, Z.; Yan, Y.; Zeng, D.; Luo, W.; Fan, Z. Temporal and spatial distribution of air pollution in Shenzhen City during 2014–2016. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2018, 47, 270–276. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Guo, H.; Chang, Z.; Wu, J.; Li, W. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in China: Who are faced with a greater effect? Environ. Int. 2019, 132, 105077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, R.N.; Rosenberg, H.M. Age standardization of death rates: Implementation of the year 2000 standard. Natl. Vital Stat. Rep. 1998, 47, 1–16. [Google Scholar]
Year | Male | Female | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | CR | CSR | WSR | N | CR | CSR | WSR | N | CR | CSR | WSR | |
2008 | 348 | 29.7 | 45.6 | 45.5 | 210 | 20.4 | 26.7 | 26.9 | 558 | 25.3 | 35.9 | 35.9 |
2009 | 371 | 30.0 | 44.9 | 45.3 | 199 | 17.9 | 22.5 | 22.2 | 570 | 24.3 | 33.3 | 33.1 |
2010 | 443 | 34.2 | 52.2 | 52.1 | 220 | 18.8 | 24.7 | 24.4 | 663 | 26.9 | 38.0 | 37.7 |
2011 | 412 | 30.1 | 44.6 | 44.9 | 235 | 19.2 | 23.6 | 23.4 | 647 | 24.9 | 33.9 | 33.9 |
2012 | 457 | 31.2 | 44.0 | 43.2 | 286 | 21.8 | 25.7 | 25.9 | 743 | 26.8 | 34.6 | 34.4 |
2013 | 468 | 29.9 | 42.7 | 43.2 | 282 | 19.8 | 22.7 | 22.6 | 750 | 25.1 | 32.2 | 32.2 |
2014 | 493 | 29.2 | 44.0 | 44.1 | 273 | 17.9 | 22.1 | 21.7 | 766 | 23.8 | 32.5 | 32.3 |
2015 | 578 | 31.8 | 49.6 | 50.5 | 320 | 19.8 | 25.0 | 24.9 | 898 | 26.1 | 36.9 | 37.1 |
2016 | 613 | 31.3 | 49.2 | 50.7 | 411 | 23.6 | 30.3 | 30.7 | 1024 | 27.7 | 39.1 | 39.8 |
2017 | 738 | 34.3 | 52.6 | 53.4 | 527 | 27.6 | 34.8 | 34.6 | 1265 | 31.1 | 43.1 | 43.2 |
2018 | 783 | 33.7 | 53.6 | 54.3 | 606 | 29.4 | 38.0 | 38.3 | 1389 | 31.7 | 45.3 | 45.6 |
Total | 5704 | 31.6 | 48.0 | 48.4 | 3569 | 22.1 | 27.7 | 27.7 | 9273 | 27.1 | 37.4 | 37.5 |
Year | Male, N (%) | Female, N (%) | Total, N (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADC | SQCC | SMCC | OST | ADC | SQCC | SMCC | OST | ADC | SQCC | SMCC | OST | |
2008 | 71(49.7) | 43(30.1) | 16(11.2) | 13(9.1) | 66(68.0) | 13(13.4) | 7(7.2) | 11(11.3) | 137(57.1) | 56(23.3) | 23(9.6) | 24 (10.0) |
2009 | 91(51.1) | 46(25.8) | 21(11.8) | 20(11.2) | 63(68.5) | 10(10.9) | 9(9.8) | 10(10.9) | 154(57.0) | 56(20.7) | 30(11.1) | 30(11.1) |
2010 | 111(46.4) | 57(23.8) | 22(9.2) | 49(20.5) | 87(71.3) | 14(11.5) | 3(2.5) | 18(14.8) | 198(54.8) | 71(19.7) | 25(6.9) | 67(18.6) |
2011 | 114(51.4) | 51(23.0) | 25(11.3) | 32(14.4) | 80(73.4) | 14(12.8) | 3(2.8) | 12(11.0) | 194(58.6) | 65(19.6) | 28(8.5) | 44(13.3) |
2012 | 156(58.0) | 54(20.1) | 33(12.3) | 26(9.7) | 125(74.4) | 21(12.5) | 5(3.0) | 17(10.1) | 281(64.3) | 75(17.2) | 38(8.7) | 43(9.8) |
2013 | 147(54.2) | 57(21.0) | 36(13.3) | 31(11.4) | 135(77.1) | 18(10.3) | 4(2.3) | 18(10.3) | 282(63.2) | 75(16.8) | 40(9.0) | 49(11.0) |
2014 | 197(61.9) | 56(17.6) | 31(9.7) | 34(10.7) | 142(80.7) | 16(9.1) | 5(2.8) | 13(7.4) | 339(68.6) | 72(14.6) | 36(7.3) | 47(9.5) |
2015 | 216(61.7) | 81(23.1) | 35(10.0) | 18(5.1) | 190(86.4) | 14(6.4) | 2(0.9) | 14(6.4) | 406(71.2) | 95(16.7) | 37(6.5) | 32(5.6) |
2016 | 226(63.1) | 70(19.6) | 30(8.4) | 32(8.9) | 241(88.3) | 17(6.2) | 5(1.8) | 10(3.7) | 467(74.0) | 87(13.8) | 35(5.5) | 42(6.7) |
2017 | 333(67.8) | 84(17.1) | 25(5.1) | 49(10.0) | 347(91.8) | 10(2.6) | 7(1.9) | 14(3.7) | 680(78.3) | 94(10.8) | 32(3.7) | 63(7.2) |
2018 | 361(66.1) | 88(16.1) | 49(9.0) | 48(8.8) | 409(89.6) | 12(2.6) | 10(2.2) | 25(5.5) | 767(76.8) | 100(10.0) | 59(5.9) | 73(7.3) |
Total | 2023(59.8) | 687(20.3) | 352(9.5) | 352(10.4) | 1882(83.2) | 159(7.0) | 60(2.7) | 162(7.2) | 3905(69.1) | 846(15.0) | 383(6.8) | 514(9.1) |
Year | APC (%) | LCI (%) | UCI (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | ||||
ADC | 2008–2018 | 10.1 * | 8.2 | 12.1 |
SQCC | 2008–2018 | 1.1 | −1.6 | 3.8 |
SMCC | 2008–2018 | 2.6 | −2.3 | 7.7 |
OST | 2008–2018 | −0.7 | −8.3 | 7.6 |
Female | ||||
ADC | 2008–2018 | 14.7 * | 11.3 | 18.1 |
SQCC | 2008–2018 | −5.4 * | −10.3 | −0.2 |
SMCC | 2008–2018 | −2.7 | −11.0 | 6.5 |
OST | 2008–2018 | −2.3 | −7.9 | 3.6 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lei, L.; Huang, A.; Cai, W.; Liang, L.; Wang, Y.; Liu, F.; Peng, J. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Lung Cancer in Shenzhen, 2008–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010026
Lei L, Huang A, Cai W, Liang L, Wang Y, Liu F, Peng J. Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Lung Cancer in Shenzhen, 2008–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010026
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Lin, Anyan Huang, Weicong Cai, Ling Liang, Yirong Wang, Fangjiang Liu, and Ji Peng. 2021. "Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Lung Cancer in Shenzhen, 2008–2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010026