Ammonia Volatilization and Greenhouse Gases Emissions during Vermicomposting with Animal Manures and Biochar to Enhance Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Site
2.2. Material Collection for Vermicomposting
2.3. Experimental Design of Vermicompost
2.4. Nutrient Contents and Physicochemical Properties of Vermicompost
2.5. Ammonia Volatilization
2.6. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. pH and Electrical Conductivity during Vermicomposting
3.2. Nutrient Content Dynamics during Vermicomposting
3.3. NH3 Volatilization during Vermicomposting
3.4. Greenhouse Gas (CO2, CH4, and N2O) Emissions during Vermicomposting
3.5. Overall Evaluation of the Vermicomposting Practices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Materials | TN (g/kg) | TOC (g/kg) | TP (g/kg) | TK (g/kg) | C:N Ratio | pH | EC (µS|cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop residues (Maize) | 10.72 ± 1.0 | 391.6 ± 8.1 | 1.23 ± 1.0 | 12.59 ± 0.6 | 36.5 ± 2.3 | 6.4 ± 0.0 | 3.6 ± 0.4 |
Pig manure | 18.27 ± 0.2 | 334.9 ± 9.7 | 5.89 ± 3.7 | 11.14 ± 2.3 | 18.32 ± 0.6 | 8.3 ± 0.0 | 2.8 ± 0.0 |
Cow dung | 25.48 ± 1.1 | 281.9 ± 7.8 | 7.78 ± 1.5 | 6.64 ± 0.9 | 11.06 ± 0.6 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 1.8 |
Biochar | 10.4 ± 0.8 | 446.8 ± 15.1 | 1.95 ± 26 | 32.6 ± 7.2 | 42.95 ± 3.7 | 8.8 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.5 |
Treatments | COM | VCM | VPM | VBC | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | Increase % | Initial | Final | Increase % | Initial | Final | Increase % | Initial | Final | Increase % | |
TOC | 341.1 ± 20.8 | 268.2 ± 7.4 b | *−21.34 | 337.3 ± 44.5 | 261.0 ± 42.1 b | *−22.62 | 353.6 ± 37.9 | 261.5 ± 18.0 c | *−26.05 | 398.4 ± 7.7 | 293.1 ± 24.0 a | *−26.43 |
TN | 12.1 ± 0.9 | 16.2 ± 0.9 a | 33.88 | 12.3 ± 1.17 | 20.4 ± 1.2 a | 65.85 | 12.8 ± 1.3 | 16.3 ± 0.7 a | 27.34 | 10.4 ± 0.7 | 13.8 ± 0.1 b | 31.73 |
TP | 2.82 ± 0.18 | 3.52 ± 0.4 b | 24.82 | 2.34 ± 0.55 | 3.78 ± 0.32 b | 61.54 | 1.48 ± 0.30 | 6.13 ± 0.48 a | 314.19 | 1.24 ± 0.65 | 1.94 ± 0.30 c | 56.45 |
TK | 10.34 ± 0.60 | 10.30 ± 1.5 b | *−0.39 | 9.00 ± 0.92 | 10.98 ± 0.44 b | 22.00 | 7.37 ± 1.21 | 14.25 ± 0.53 b | 93.35 | 13.75 ± 1.28 | 18.64 ± 1.02 a | 35.56 |
C:N ratio | 28.10 ± 2.32 | 16.57 ± 2.12 | *−41.03 | 27.52 ± 3.77 | 12.78 ± 33.08 | *−53.56 | 27.73 ± 3.32 | 16.01 ± 70.43 | *−42.26 | 38.49 ± 5.94 | 21.34 ± 3.44 | *−44.56 |
C:P ratio | 12.10 | 7.62 | −36.98 | 14.41 | 6.90 | *−52.10 | 23.89 | 4.27 | *−82.14 | 32.13 | 15.11 | *−52.98 |
N:P ratio | 0.43 | 0.46 | 7.26 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 2.67 | 0.86 | 0.27 | *−69.25 | 0.84 | 0.71 | *−15.80 |
Treatments | GHGs Emissions Equivalent (g CO2-eq/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 | CH4 | N2O | GWP | |
COM | 130.4 | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.83 |
VCM | 154.9 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.46 |
VPM | 189.1 | 0.081 | 0.017 | 7.82 |
VBC | 164.2 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.37 |
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Raza, S.T.; Tang, J.L.; Ali, Z.; Yao, Z.; Bah, H.; Iqbal, H.; Ren, X. Ammonia Volatilization and Greenhouse Gases Emissions during Vermicomposting with Animal Manures and Biochar to Enhance Sustainability. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010178
Raza ST, Tang JL, Ali Z, Yao Z, Bah H, Iqbal H, Ren X. Ammonia Volatilization and Greenhouse Gases Emissions during Vermicomposting with Animal Manures and Biochar to Enhance Sustainability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010178
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaza, Syed Turab, Jia Liang Tang, Zulfiqar Ali, Zhiyuan Yao, Hamidou Bah, Hassan Iqbal, and Xiao Ren. 2021. "Ammonia Volatilization and Greenhouse Gases Emissions during Vermicomposting with Animal Manures and Biochar to Enhance Sustainability" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010178