Detecting the Cool Island Effect of Urban Parks in Wuhan: A City on Rivers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Park Samples
2.2. Park Structure Characteristics
2.3. LST Derivation
2.4. Cool Island Intensity Identification
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cool Island Effect of Urban Parks
3.2. Cool Island Intensity
3.3. Correlation between PCI and Park Characteristics
4. Discussion
4.1. Park Geometry and PCI Intensity
4.2. Park Characteristics and PCI Intensity
4.3. Park Design and the PCI Effect Improvement
4.4. Limitations and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
UHI | Urban heat island |
PCI | Park cool island |
LULC | Land use/land cover |
LST | Land surfacetemperature |
SD | Standard deviation |
NDVI | Normalized difference vegetation index |
NDBI | Normalized difference built-up index |
MNDWI | Modified normalized difference water index |
S | Size/area |
C | Circumference |
W | Width |
SI | Shape index |
Awa. | Area of water bodies |
Ala. | Area of lawn |
Awo. | Area of woodland |
Aha. | Area of hard pavement |
Pwa. | Area proportion of waterbodies |
Pla. | Area proportion of lawn |
Pwo. | Area proportion of woodland |
Pha. | Area proportion of hard pavement |
VC | Vegetation coverage |
CIwa. | Contagion index of water bodies |
CIla. | Contagion index of lawn |
CIwo. | Contagion index of woodland |
CIha. | Contagion index of hard pavement |
SIwa. | Shape index of water bodies |
SIla. | Shape index of lawn |
SIwo. | Shape index of woodland |
SIha. | Shape index of hard pavement |
Appendix A
PCI | S | C | W | SI | Awa. | Pwa. | Awo. | Pwo. | Agr. | Pgr. | Aha. | Pha. | VC | CIwa. | CIwo. | CIgr. | CIha. | SIwa. | SIwo. | SIgr. | SIha. | NDVI | NDBI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | 0.664 ** | |||||||||||||||||||||||
C | 0.439 * | 0.855 ** | ||||||||||||||||||||||
W | 0.512 * | 0.710 ** | 0.901 ** | |||||||||||||||||||||
SI | 0.05 | 0.077 | 0.039 | 0.045 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Awa. | 0.693 ** | 0.963 ** | 0.696 ** | 0.523 * | 0.103 | |||||||||||||||||||
Pwa. | 0.646 ** | 0.411 | 0.086 | 0.16 | 0.394 | 0.526 * | ||||||||||||||||||
Awo. | 0.306 | 0.645 ** | 0.881 ** | 0.851 ** | −0.11 | 0.429 * | −0.125 | |||||||||||||||||
Pwo. | −0.567 ** | −0.373 | −0.159 | −0.282 | −0.461 * | −0.445 * | −0.874 ** | 0.132 | ||||||||||||||||
Agr. | 0.37 | 0.737 ** | 0.933 ** | 0.858 ** | 0.068 | 0.566 ** | −0.004 | 0.795 ** | −0.166 | |||||||||||||||
Pgr. | −0.19 | −0.1 | 0.217 | 0.174 | −0.11 | −0.217 | −0.633 ** | 0.183 | 0.32 | 0.467 * | ||||||||||||||
Aha. | 0.357 | 0.728 ** | 0.850 ** | 0.889 ** | 0.077 | 0.553 ** | 0.154 | 0.805 ** | −0.28 | 0.774 ** | −0.001 | |||||||||||||
Pha. | −0.490 * | −0.31 | −0.194 | −0.086 | −0.038 | −0.353 | −0.31 | −0.153 | 0.032 | −0.226 | −0.06 | 0.163 | ||||||||||||
VC | −0.519 * | −0.33 | −0.027 | −0.14 | −0.403 | −0.437 * | −0.950 ** | 0.182 | 0.909 ** | 0.078 | 0.686 ** | −0.215 | −0.002 | |||||||||||
CIwa. | 0.403 | 0.156 | 0.23 | 0.346 | 0.235 | 0.104 | 0.328 | 0.227 | −0.325 | 0.187 | −0.093 | 0.222 | −0.166 | −0.291 | ||||||||||
CIwo. | −0.178 | −0.051 | 0.056 | 0.117 | −0.081 | −0.142 | −0.433 * | 0.263 | 0.424 * | 0.1 | 0.213 | 0.122 | 0.109 | 0.419 | −0.065 | |||||||||
CIgr. | 0.11 | 0.144 | 0.301 | 0.238 | −0.656 ** | 0.083 | −0.312 | 0.282 | 0.271 | 0.351 | 0.513 * | 0.013 | −0.325 | 0.434 * | −0.076 | −0.136 | ||||||||
CIha. | 0.026 | 0.258 | 0.353 | 0.477 * | −0.015 | 0.141 | 0.039 | 0.397 | −0.275 | 0.29 | −0.074 | 0.616 ** | 0.620 ** | −0.244 | 0.271 | 0.213 | −0.146 | |||||||
SIwa. | 0.057 | 0.003 | 0.043 | 0.001 | −0.029 | −0.004 | −0.147 | 0.081 | 0.23 | 0.034 | 0.193 | −0.109 | −0.324 | 0.261 | 0.544 ** | −0.006 | 0.175 | −0.095 | ||||||
SIwo. | −0.519 * | −0.327 | −0.317 | −0.512 * | −0.104 | −0.301 | −0.329 | −0.112 | 0.561 ** | −0.355 | −0.095 | −0.412 | −0.129 | 0.389 | −0.3 | −0.019 | 0.081 | −0.316 | 0.071 | |||||
SIgr. | 0.228 | 0.319 | 0.523 * | 0.42 | −0.317 | 0.23 | −0.344 | 0.422 | 0.242 | 0.612 ** | 0.679 ** | 0.15 | −0.376 | 0.485 * | 0.048 | 0.021 | 0.787 ** | −0.169 | 0.228 | −0.053 | ||||
SIha. | 0.389 | 0.18 | −0.014 | 0.209 | 0.505 * | 0.227 | 0.664 ** | −0.157 | −0.763 ** | −0.031 | −0.447 * | 0.304 | 0.255 | −0.783 ** | 0.259 | −0.146 | −0.624 ** | 0.341 | −0.282 | −0.620 ** | −0.566 ** | |||
NDVI | −0.480 * | −0.398 | −0.083 | −0.087 | −0.448 * | −0.536 * | −0.850 ** | 0.22 | 0.779 ** | −0.002 | 0.532 * | −0.089 | 0.189 | 0.832 ** | −0.119 | 0.481 * | 0.373 | 0.03 | 0.224 | 0.295 | 0.26 | −0.613 ** | ||
NDBI | −0.920 ** | −0.612 ** | −0.381 | −0.469 * | −0.08 | −0.640 ** | −0.579 ** | −0.293 | 0.485 * | −0.294 | 0.248 | −0.344 | 0.389 | 0.481 * | −0.249 | 0.076 | 0.031 | −0.055 | 0.073 | 0.474 * | −0.127 | −0.409 | 0.436 * | |
NDWI | 0.645 ** | 0.447 * | 0.089 | 0.127 | 0.315 | 0.581 ** | 0.916 ** | −0.159 | −807 ** | −0.001 | −603 ** | 0.126 | −0.237 | −0.885 ** | 0.16 | −0.361 | −0.352 | 0.027 | −0.24 | −0.394 | −0.258 | 0.608 ** | −0.912 ** | −0.633 ** |
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Context | Mean LST (°C) | SD (°C) |
---|---|---|
Whole area (water bodies excluded) | 30.88 | 3.25 |
Built-up area (blue-green areas excluded) | 31.54 | 3.02 |
Blue-green area | 27.81 | 2.06 |
Considered urban parks | 29.31 | 1.77 |
No. | Park | Full Name of Park | Area (ha) | Perimeter (km) | PCI (°C) | Tmean (°C) | SD (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ZS | Zhongshan Park | 30.49 | 49.64 | 1.82 | 29.72 | 1.45 |
2 | XNH | Xiaonanhu Park | 6.05 | 9.90 | 1.46 | 30.08 | 1.88 |
3 | SH | Shahu Park | 324.62 | 142.66 | 7.29 | 24.25 | 3.63 |
4 | LWM | Longwangmiao Park | 1.92 | 4.83 | −0.24 | 31.78 | 1.15 |
5 | HY | Hanyang Park | 2.23 | 5.73 | 1.08 | 30.46 | 1.17 |
6 | HKJT | Hankoujiangtan Park | 147.13 | 135.21 | 0.91 | 30.63 | 1.53 |
7 | CQ | Changqing Park | 23.86 | 50.43 | 0.08 | 31.46 | 1.38 |
8 | BD | Baodao Park | 11.29 | 6.75 | 2.14 | 29.4 | 2.43 |
9 | DWY | Dongwuyuan Park | 67.31 | 54.73 | 3.96 | 27.58 | 2.31 |
10 | ZWY | Zhiwuyuan Park | 47.07 | 64.49 | 5.15 | 26.39 | 1.66 |
11 | QK | Qiaokou Park | 2.89 | 4.46 | 0.59 | 30.95 | 1.34 |
12 | ZY | Ziyang Park | 27.97 | 29.93 | 3.37 | 28.17 | 2.1 |
13 | BY | Baiyu Park | 21.8 | 31.69 | 4.07 | 27.47 | 2.14 |
14 | CCG | Changchunguan Park | 2.56 | 2.81 | −0.44 | 31.98 | 0.94 |
15 | SGH | Shuiguohu Park | 1.38 | 1.48 | 0.22 | 31.32 | 0.87 |
16 | WC | Wuchang Park | 2.13 | 4.17 | −0.17 | 31.71 | 1.02 |
17 | NSH | Neishahu Park | 8.88 | 8.27 | 2.78 | 28.76 | 1.89 |
18 | HS | Hanshui Park | 11.3 | 11.61 | 2.67 | 28.87 | 1.4 |
19 | DJ | Dijiao Park | 20.92 | 30.41 | 1.66 | 29.88 | 1.77 |
20 | KP | Kepu Park | 11.63 | 20.31 | 1.76 | 29.78 | 1.39 |
21 | JF | Jiefang Park | 46.78 | 52.26 | 2.9 | 28.64 | 1.62 |
22 | HP | Heping Park | 55.47 | 82.68 | 2.17 | 29.37 | 1.86 |
23 | PQ | Penquan Park | 13.17 | 4.95 | 0.77 | 30.77 | 1.95 |
24 | QS | Qingshan Park | 37.22 | 54.92 | 3.01 | 28.53 | 1.71 |
25 | LJH | Lingjiaohu Park | 13.45 | 14.46 | 3.26 | 28.28 | 2.67 |
26 | LHH | Lianhuahu Park | 13.06 | 11.39 | 2.88 | 28.66 | 2.5 |
27 | HXH | Houxianghe Park | 17.74 | 18.22 | 1.95 | 29.59 | 1.58 |
28 | DHMY | Donghumeiyuan Park | 24.71 | 38.01 | 3.63 | 27.91 | 2.68 |
29 | HLFQ | Helanfengqing Park | 8.37 | 16.02 | 0.58 | 30.96 | 1.43 |
30 | HYJT | Hanyangjiangtan Park | 46.88 | 61.40 | 1.94 | 29.6 | 1.61 |
31 | WCJT | Wuchangjiangtan Park | 8.79 | 17.48 | 3.13 | 28.41 | 1.69 |
32 | SMT | Simeitang Park | 19.93 | 26.81 | 2.08 | 29.46 | 2.1 |
33 | LJ | Linjiang Park | 27.93 | 40.02 | 4.82 | 26.72 | 2.14 |
34 | YH | Yuehu Park | 143.47 | 115.61 | 3.45 | 28.09 | 2.65 |
35 | HHL | Huanghelou Park | 22.51 | 23.34 | 0.49 | 31.05 | 1.29 |
36 | SY | Shouyi Park | 20.83 | 16.89 | 1.29 | 30.25 | 1.42 |
37 | DJH | Daijiahu Park | 51.91 | 85.97 | 1.04 | 30.5 | 1.8 |
38 | XFW | Xingfuwan Park | 31.23 | 25.88 | 5.7 | 25.84 | 3.28 |
39 | XBH | Xibeihu Park | 31.36 | 16.82 | 2.55 | 28.99 | 2.93 |
40 | NGQ | Nanganqu Park | 22.7 | 37.36 | −0.1 | 31.64 | 1.36 |
Index | Description | Coefficient | Index | Description | Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | Park size/area | 0.664 ** | VC | Vegetation coverage | −0.519 * |
C | Park circumference | 0.439 * | CIwa. | Contagion index of water bodies | 0.403 |
W | Park width | 0.512 * | CIla. | Contagion index of lawn | 0.11 |
SI | Shape index | 0.05 | CIwo. | Contagion index of woodland | −0.178 |
Awa. | Area of water bodies | 0.693 ** | CIha. | Contagion index of hard pavement | 0.026 |
Ala. | Area of lawn | 0.37 | SIwa. | Shape index of water bodies | 0.057 |
Awo. | Area of woodland | 0.306 | SIla. | Shape index of lawn | 0.228 |
Aha. | Area of hard pavement | 0.357 | SIwo. | Shape index of woodland | −0.519 * |
Pwa. | Area proportion of water bodies | 0.646 ** | SIha. | Shape index of hard pavement | 0.389 |
Pla. | Area proportion of lawn | −0.19 | NDVI | Normalized difference vegetation index | −0.480 * |
Pwo. | Area proportion of woodland | −0.567 ** | NDBI | Normalized difference built-up index | −0.920 ** |
Pha. | Area proportion of hard pavement | −0.490 * | MNDWI | Modified normalized difference water index | 0.645 ** |
PCI Intensity | Regression Equation | R2 |
---|---|---|
Standardized regression equation | 0.879 ** | |
General regression equation |
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Xie, Q.; Li, J. Detecting the Cool Island Effect of Urban Parks in Wuhan: A City on Rivers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010132
Xie Q, Li J. Detecting the Cool Island Effect of Urban Parks in Wuhan: A City on Rivers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(1):132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010132
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Qijiao, and Jing Li. 2021. "Detecting the Cool Island Effect of Urban Parks in Wuhan: A City on Rivers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 1: 132. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010132