Prospective Associations of Serum Adiponectin, Leptin, and Leptin-Adiponectin Ratio with Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Measurements of Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters
2.3. Ascertainment of Metabolic Syndrome
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile of LA Ratio1 | Tertile of LA Ratio | |||||||
T1 (Lowest) | T2 | T3 (Highest) | P3 | T1 (Lowest) | T2 | T3 (Highest) | P | |
(n = 439) | (n = 439) | (n = 439) | (n = 458) | (n = 458) | (n = 458) | |||
Age (years) | 59.07 ± 8.532 | 56.63 ± 8.51 | 54.53 ± 7.68 | <0.0001 | 56.84 ± 8.62 | 53.86 ± 6.95 | 53.06 ± 6.70 | <0.0001 |
Area of residence | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
Ansan | 245 (55.81) | 180 (41.00) | 121 (27.56) | 230 (50.22) | 162 (35.37) | 124 (27.07) | ||
Ansung | 194 (44.19) | 259 (59.00) | 318 (72.44) | 228 (49.78) | 296 (64.63) | 334 (72.93) | ||
Education level | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
≤elementary school | 102 (23.23) | 82 (18.68) | 38 (8.66) | 157 (34.28) | 122 (26.64) | 98 (21.40) | ||
middle/high school | 260 (59.23) | 254 (57.86) | 265 (60.36) | 266 (58.08) | 292 (63.76) | 311 (67.90) | ||
≥college | 77 (17.54) | 103 (23.46) | 136 (30.98) | 35 (7.64) | 44 (9.61) | 49 (10.70) | ||
Smoking status | 0.0688 | 0.4408 | ||||||
Never | 114 (25.97) | 134 (30.52) | 114 (25.97) | 452 (98.69) | 451 (98.47) | 449 (98.03) | ||
Past | 151 (34.40) | 170 (38.72) | 193 (43.96) | 2 (0.44) | 3 (0.66) | 3 (0.66) | ||
Current | 174 (39.64) | 135 (30.75) | 132 (30.07) | 4 (0.87) | 4 (0.87) | 6 (1.31) | ||
Alcohol consumption (grams/day)4 | 4.70 (0.00–18.81) | 4.70 (0.00–20.26) | 10.13 (0.60–25.25) | 0.0020 | 0.00 (0.00–0.26) | 0.00 (0.00–0.87) | 0.00 (0.00–0.31) | 0.1584 |
Regular physical activity | 0.006 | 0.1405 | ||||||
Yes | 161 (36.67) | 174 (39.64) | 201 (45.79) | 171 (37.34) | 208 (45.41) | 193 (42.14) | ||
No | 278 (63.33) | 265 (60.36) | 238 (54.21) | 287 (62.66) | 250 (54.59) | 265 (57.86) | ||
Family history of diabetes | 0.0535 | 0.6564 | ||||||
Yes | 3 (0.68) | 7 (1.59) | 10 (2.28) | 11 (2.40) | 7 (1.53) | 13 (2.84) | ||
No | 436 (99.32) | 432 (98.41) | 429 (97.72) | 447 (97.60) | 451 (98.47) | 445 (97.16) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.16 ± 2.04 | 23.20 ± 1.87 | 24.83 ± 2.07 | <0.0001 | 21.70 ± 2.11 | 23.53 ± 2.04 | 25.19 ± 2.41 | <0.0001 |
hs-CRP (mg/dL)4 | 0.49 (0.27–1.19) | 0.55 (0.30–1.12) | 0.86 (0.44–1.68) | <0.0001 | 0.35 (0.22–0.64) | 0.43 (0.28–0.77) | 0.65 (0.37–1.22) | <0.0001 |
Adiponectin (μg/mL)4 | 6.52 (5.37–7.91) | 5.03 (4.06–6.15) | 4.00 (3.17–4.84) | <0.0001 | 8.74 (7.36–10.93) | 6.87 (5.66–8.22) | 5.21 (4.10–6.51) | <0.0001 |
Leptin (ng/mL)4 | 1.01 (1.01–1.11) | 2.15 (1.64–2.70) | 4.15 (3.21–5.76) | <0.0001 | 5.18 (3.49–6.67) | 9.93 (8.16–12.06) | 16.35 (13.15–21.10) | <0.0001 |
LA ratio (ng/μg)4 | 0.17 (0.14–0.21) | 0.43 (0.34–0.52) | 1.01 (0.81–1.41) | <0.0001 | 0.63 (0.40–0.80) | 1.46 (1.20–1.74) | 3.00 (2.46–3.99) | <0.0001 |
MetS components, n (%) | ||||||||
Abdominal obesity | 8 (1.82) | 39 (8.88) | 84 (19.13) | <0.0001 | 31 (6.77) | 55 (12.01) | 94 (20.52) | <0.0001 |
Elevated BP | 97 (22.10) | 126 (28.70) | 108 (24.60) | 0.3923 | 108 (23.58) | 71 (15.50) | 77 (16.81) | 0.0085 |
Elevated FBG | 58 (13.21) | 77 (17.54) | 100 (22.78) | 0.0002 | 19 (4.15) | 20 (4.37) | 31 (6.77) | 0.0715 |
Elevated TG | 35 (7.97) | 77 (17.54) | 125 (28.47) | <0.0001 | 17 (3.71) | 47 (10.26) | 73 (15.94) | <0.0001 |
Low HDL-C | 92 (20.96) | 125 (28.47) | 134 (30.52) | 0.0014 | 207 (45.20) | 252 (55.02) | 272 (59.39) | <0.0001 |
No. of MetS components at baseline | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
0 | 210 (47.84) | 118 (26.88) | 73 (16.63) | 165 (36.03) | 127 (27.73) | 85 (18.56) | ||
1 | 168 (38.27) | 198 (45.10) | 181 (41.23) | 204 (44.54) | 217 (47.38) | 199 (43.45) | ||
2 | 61 (13.90) | 123 (28.02) | 185 (42.14) | 89 (19.43) | 114 (24.89) | 174 (37.99) |
Tertile | Ptrend2 | Per 1 SD Increment | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (Lowest) | T2 | T3 (Highest) | ||||
HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |||
Adiponectin | ||||||
Person-years | 2748 | 2947 | 3075 | 8770 | ||
Incident cases (n) | 167 | 113 | 79 | 359 | ||
Rate per 1000person-years | 60.8 | 38.3 | 25.7 | 40.9 | ||
Median | 3.5 | 5.1 | 7.3 | 5.1 | ||
Ranges | 0.48–4.34 | 4.36–5.93 | 5.94–25.04 | 0.48–25.04 | ||
Model 1 1 | 1.00 | 0.62 (0.49–0.79) | 0.39 (0.30–0.52) | <0.0001 | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.56–0.91) | 0.53 (0.40–0.70) | <0.0001 | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | 0.0003 |
Leptin | ||||||
Person-years | 3145 | 2951 | 2674 | 8770 | ||
Incident cases (n) | 55 | 119 | 185 | 359 | ||
Rate per 1000 person-years | 17.5 | 40.3 | 69.2 | 40.9 | ||
Median | 1.0 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 2.1 | ||
Ranges | 1.01–1.37 | 1.38–2.91 | 2.91–24.08 | 1.01–24.08 | ||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 2.39 (1.73–3.29) | 4.11 (3.04–5.57) | <0.0001 | 1.14 (1.11–1.17) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.95 (1.39–2.74) | 2.88 (2.01–4.13) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | 0.0176 |
LA ratio | ||||||
Person-years | 3150 | 2953 | 2667 | 8770 | ||
Incident cases (n) | 51 | 124 | 184 | 359 | ||
Rate per 1000 person-years | 16.2 | 42.0 | 69.0 | 40.9 | ||
Median | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.4 | ||
Ranges | 0.1–0.3 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.6–5.3 | 0.1–5.3 | ||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 2.72 (1.96–3.77) | 4.66 (3.39–6.39) | <0.0001 | 1.74 (1.56–1.94) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 2.16 (1.53–3.03) | 3.07 (2.13–4.44) | <0.0001 | 1.40 (1.22–1.62) | <0.0001 |
Tertile | Ptrend2 | Per 1 SD Increment | P | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (Lowest) | T2 | T3 (Highest) | ||||
HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |||
Adiponectin | ||||||
Person-years | 3069 | 3132 | 3191 | 9392 | ||
Incident cases (n) | 154 | 131 | 100 | 385 | ||
Rate per 1000 person-years | 50.2 | 41.8 | 31.3 | 41.0 | ||
Median | 4.7 | 6.9 | 9.6 | 6.9 | ||
Ranges | 0.87–5.88 | 5.88–8.09 | 8.10–27.78 | 0.9–27.8 | ||
Model 1 1 | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.64–1.02) | 0.51 (0.39–0.66) | <0.0001 | 0.90 (0.86–0.93) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.54 (0.42–0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) | <0.0001 |
Leptin | ||||||
Person-years | 3296 | 3145 | 2951 | 9392 | ||
Incident cases (n) | 86 | 128 | 171 | 385 | ||
Rate per 1000 person-years | 26.1 | 40.7 | 57.9 | 41.0 | ||
Median | 5.1 | 9.7 | 17.1 | 9.7 | ||
Ranges | 1.01–7.33 | 7.37–12.62 | 12.65–52.36 | 1.0–52.4 | ||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.79 (1.36–2.36) | 2.47 (1.90–3.21) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.45 (1.09–1.94) | 1.55 (1.13–2.13) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.4084 |
LA ratio | ||||||
Person-years | 3273 | 3169 | 2950 | 9392 | ||
Incident cases (n) | 88 | 120 | 177 | 385 | ||
Rate per 1000 person-years | 26.9 | 37.9 | 60.0 | 41.0 | ||
Median | 5.1 | 9.7 | 17.1 | 1.5 | ||
Ranges | 1.0–7.3 | 7.4–12.6 | 12.6–52.4 | 0.1–24.6 | ||
Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.67 (1.26–2.20) | 2.78 (2.14–3.62) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (1.08–1.15) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.37 (1.02–1.84) | 1.94 (1.41–2.66) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.1096 |
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Lee, K.W.; Shin, D. Prospective Associations of Serum Adiponectin, Leptin, and Leptin-Adiponectin Ratio with Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093287
Lee KW, Shin D. Prospective Associations of Serum Adiponectin, Leptin, and Leptin-Adiponectin Ratio with Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093287
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kyung Won, and Dayeon Shin. 2020. "Prospective Associations of Serum Adiponectin, Leptin, and Leptin-Adiponectin Ratio with Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3287. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093287