Cyberbullying among Adolescents: Psychometric Properties of the CYB-AGS Cyber-Aggressor Scale
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cyberbullying in the “Always on” Smartphone Generation
1.2. Measuring Cyberbullying
1.3. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Cyber-Aggression Scale (CYB-AGS)
2.2.2. Assessment System for Children and Adolescents (Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes)
2.2.3. Attitude towards Institutional Authority
2.2.4. School Violence
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Findings: Sample 1
3.2. Factor Structure of the CYB-AGS: Sample 1 and Sample 2
3.3. Configural Invariance
3.4. Convergent Validity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. CYBAGS
1: Never | 2: Once or twice | 3: A few times (between 3 and 5) | 4: Several times (between 6 and 10) | 5. Many times (more than 10) |
1. I have insulted or ridiculed someone in social networks or groups like WhatsApp to really screw with or annoy him/her. [He insultado o puesto en ridículo en redes sociales o en grupos como el WhatsApp para que se fastidie o se moleste de verdad] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
2. I have called someone’s cellphone and hung up to bother or frighten him/her. [He llamado al móvil y no he contestado para que se fastidie o se asuste] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
3. I have threatened someone to make him/her do things on the Internet or smartphone that he/she did not want to do (like recording him/herself on video, giving me money, doing bad things). [He obligado con amenazas a hacer cosas que no quería en Internet o por el móvil (como grabarse en video, darme dinero, hacer cosas malas)] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
4. I have told someone’s secrets or revealed personal things about him/her in social networks or groups (WhatsApp, snapchat…). [He contado secretos o revelado cosas personales de alguien sin su permiso en redes sociales o en grupos (whatsapp, snapchat..)] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
5. To make fun of someone, I have made or manipulated videos or photos of him/her and uploaded or distributed them on social networks or by smartphone. [Para burlarme de alguien, he creado o manipulado videos o fotos mías, y las he subido o distribuido en redes sociales o por el móvil]. | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
6. I’ve logged into someone’s profile or accounts, and he/she could not do anything about it. [He entrado en el perfil o en cuentas de una persona sin que ella pueda hacer nada] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
7. I have pretended to be someone else so I could say or do bad things on the Internet. [Me he hecho pasar por otra persona para decir o hacer cosas malas en Internet] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
8. I have purposely created a webpage, a forum, or a group just to make fun of someone and criticize him/her in front of everyone. [He creado adrede una página, un foro o un grupo solo para meterme con una persona y criticarle delante de todos] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
9. I have put someone’s cellphone number on the Internet and said bad or false things about him/her so that people would call him/her and get him/her into trouble. [He puesto el número de teléfono móvil de alguien en Internet diciendo cosas malas o falsas de esa persona para que la llamen y meterla en líos] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
10. I have taken someone’s smartphone and used it to send photos, videos, or mean messages to others to get him/her into trouble with them. [He cogido el teléfono de alguien y desde su móvil he enviado fotos, videos o mensajes malos a otros para meterla en problemas] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
11. I have criticized someone or made fun of comments, photos, or videos he/she uploaded to social networks or groups like WhatsApp. [He criticado o me he burlado de comentarios, fotos o videos que una persona ha subido en redes sociales o en grupos como el WhatsApp] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
12. I have created a false profile on the Internet with someone’s personal data in order to impersonate him/her saying or doing bad things. [He creado en Internet un perfil falso con datos personales de alguien para decir o hacer cosas malas, haciéndome pasar por él/ella] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
13. I have ignored and did not answer someone’s messages or things he/she shared in groups or social networks, just to make him/her feel bad. [He ignorado y no he contestado a mensajes o cosas que alguien ha puesto en grupos o en redes sociales para hacerle sentir mal] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
14. I have provoked someone in social networks or groups by insulting or taunting him/her to make him/her angry and cause a big argument. [He provocado a alguien en redes sociales o en grupos con insultos y burlas para que se enfade mucho y haya una gran discusión] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
15. I have eliminated or blocked someone from groups to leave him/her without any friends. [He eliminado o bloqueado a alguien de grupos para dejarle sin amigos] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
16. I’ve stolen photos, videos, or private conversations and uploaded them or sent them to others. [He robado fotos, videos, conversaciones privadas y las he subido o enviado a otros] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
17. I have changed someone’s password to social networks so that he/she could not access them. [He cambiado la contraseña de las redes sociales de una persona para que no pueda entrar en ellas] | 1 2 3 4 5 | |||
18. I sent someone tauntin messages to bother and annoy him/she. [He enviado a alguien mensajes de burla para fastidiarle y molestarle a otros] | 1 2 3 4 5 |
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Frequency Distribution (%) | M | SD | Asym. (S.E. = 0.06) | Kurt. (S.E. = 0.13) | K-S | ri-t | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Never | Once or Twice | A Few Times (3–5) | Several Times (6–10) | Many Times (+10) | ||||||
CB1 | 980 (77.4) | 289 (22) | 31 (2.4) | 8 (0.6) | 10 (0.8) | 1.22 | 0.57 | 3.79 | 17.35 | 0.39 *** | 0.52 |
CB2 | 940 (71.3) | 321 (24.4) | 37 (2.8) | 10 (0.8) | 10 (0.8) | 1.27 | 0.65 | 3.32 | 4.65 | 0.38 *** | 0.50 |
CB3 | 1131 (85.8) | 273 (23.1) | 9 (7) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 1.04 | 0.27 | 8.63 | 84.29 | 0.48 *** | 0.67 |
CB4 | 1048 (79.5) | 241 (18.3) | 19 (1.4) | 7 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | 1.14 | 0.43 | 4.65 | 26.39 | 0.41 *** | 0.58 |
CB5 | 1099 (83.4) | 194 (14.7) | 15 (1.1) | 7 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | 1.09 | 0.39 | 6.23 | 44.34 | 0.45 *** | 0.58 |
CB6 | 1089 (82.6) | 203 (15.4) | 19 (1.4) | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.2) | 1.09 | 0.38 | 5.86 | 40.65 | 0.44 *** | 0.57 |
CB7 | 1115 (84.6) | 186 (14.1) | 11 (0.8) | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 1.06 | 0.32 | 7.39 | 63.97 | 0.46 *** | 0.73 |
CB8 | 1121 (85.1) | 182 (13.8) | 5 (0.4) | 7 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | 1.06 | 0.33 | 8.18 | 74.56 | 0.47 *** | 0.69 |
CB9 | 1127 (85.5) | 180 (13.6) | 5 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 1.05 | 0.28 | 9.02 | 94.68 | 0.47 *** | 0.69 |
CB10 | 1106 (83.9) | 196 (14.8) | 8 (0.6) | 7 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 1.07 | 0.32 | 6.76 | 53.08 | 0.45 *** | 0.64 |
CB11 | 973 (73.8) | 299 (22.7) | 32 (2.4) | 9 (0.7) | 5 (0.4) | 1.22 | 0.53 | 3.51 | 15.15 | 0.39 *** | 0.56 |
CB12 | 1127 (85.5) | 170 (12.9) | 11 (0.8) | 9 (0.7) | 1 (0.1) | 1.06 | 0.33 | 7.53 | 60.49 | 0.47 *** | 0.64 |
CB13 | 1005 (76.3) | 259 (19.7) | 30 (2.3) | 12 (0.9) | 12 (0.9) | 1.21 | 0.59 | 3.98 | 18.02 | 0.40 *** | 0.59 |
CB14 | 1049 (79.6) | 233 (17.6) | 25 (1.9) | 8 (0.6) | 3 (0.2) | 1.14 | 0.45 | 4.53 | 24.14 | 0.41 *** | 0.67 |
CB15 | 1056 (80.1) | 232 (17.6) | 16 (1.2) | 10 (0.8) | 4 (0.3) | 1.13 | 0.45 | 5.02 | 29.57 | 0.46 *** | 0.67 |
CB16 | 1110 (84.2) | 194 (14.8) | 7 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.4) | 1.07 | 0.35 | 8.19 | 78.41 | 0.46 *** | 0.59 |
CB17 | 1101 (83.5) | 201 (15.2) | 7 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (0.5) | 1.08 | 0.37 | 7.47 | 65.05 | 0.45 *** | 0.53 |
CB18 | 1022 (77.5) | 261 (19.8) | 7 (0.5) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (0.5) | 1.15 | 0.45 | 4.15 | 21.23 | 0.41 *** | 0.65 |
Item | EFA | CFA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F1 ICB | F2 DCB | |
CB1 | 0.39 | 0.69 | 0.66 | |
CB2 | 0.39 | 0.64 | 0.50 | |
CB3 | 0.81 | 0.49 | 0.71 | |
CB4 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.68 | |
CB5 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.69 | |
CB6 | 0.67 | 0.43 | 0.63 | |
CB7 | 0.84 | 0.57 | 0.67 | |
CB8 | 0.83 | 0.51 | 0.75 | |
CB9 | 0.78 | 0.55 | 0.72 | |
CB10 | 0.74 | 0.49 | 0.69 | |
CB11 | 0.42 | 0.73 | 0.75 | |
CB12 | 0.77 | 0.46 | 0.69 | |
CB13 | 0.48 | 0.70 | 0.73 | |
CB14 | 0.56 | 0.75 | 0.77 | |
CB15 | 0.55 | 0.68 | 0.73 | |
CB16 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.70 | |
CB17 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 0.65 | |
CB18 | 0.51 | 0.78 | 0.77 | |
% Explained Variance | 45.11 | 8.01 |
M | SD | DCB | ICB | |
---|---|---|---|---|
DCB | 1.07 | 0.35 | (0.86) | |
ICB | 1.18 | 0.52 | 0.67 ** | (0.93) |
Model | Description | χ2 | df | Comparison of Nested Models | Difference S-B χ2 | Difference df | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | Restricted model | 360.1701 | 284 | - | - | - | |
M2 | Model without restrictions | 360.0521 | 268 | M1–M2 | 0.118 | 16 | >0.05 |
NAS | Anger | AA | AT | OvSV | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indir. Cyber-aggression | 0.29 *** | 0.26 *** | −0.20 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.42 *** |
Direct Cyber-aggression | 0.35 *** | 0.32 *** | −0.26 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.50 *** |
Total Cyber-aggression | 0.35 *** | 0.33 *** | −0.26 *** | 0.33 *** | 0.51 *** |
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Buelga, S.; Postigo, J.; Martínez-Ferrer, B.; Cava, M.-J.; Ortega-Barón, J. Cyberbullying among Adolescents: Psychometric Properties of the CYB-AGS Cyber-Aggressor Scale. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093090
Buelga S, Postigo J, Martínez-Ferrer B, Cava M-J, Ortega-Barón J. Cyberbullying among Adolescents: Psychometric Properties of the CYB-AGS Cyber-Aggressor Scale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(9):3090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093090
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuelga, Sofia, Javier Postigo, Belén Martínez-Ferrer, María-Jesús Cava, and Jessica Ortega-Barón. 2020. "Cyberbullying among Adolescents: Psychometric Properties of the CYB-AGS Cyber-Aggressor Scale" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093090