Associations between Meal Companions and Obesity in South Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total | Body Mass Index | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Obesity | Overweight | Normal | Underweight | p-Value | |||||||
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
Total | 23,494 | (100.0) | 7863 | (33.5) | 5465 | (23.3) | 9203 | (39.2) | 963 | (4.1) | |
Dinner Companion | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
With Family | 15,013 | (63.9) | 4856 | (32.3) | 3509 | (23.4) | 6011 | (40.0) | 637 | (4.2) | |
With Others | 2660 | (11.3) | 948 | (35.6) | 590 | (22.2) | 999 | (37.6) | 123 | (4.6) | |
Alone | 5821 | (24.8) | 2059 | (35.4) | 1366 | (23.5) | 2193 | (37.7) | 203 | (3.5) | |
Breakfast Companion | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
With Family | 10,748 | (45.7) | 3612 | (33.6) | 2669 | (24.8) | 4099 | (38.1) | 368 | (3.4) | |
With Others | 647 | (2.8) | 273 | (42.2) | 139 | (21.5) | 218 | (33.7) | 17 | (2.6) | |
Alone | 12,099 | (51.5) | 3978 | (32.9) | 2657 | (22.0) | 4886 | (40.4) | 578 | (4.8) | |
Gender | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Male | 9647 | (41.1) | 3722 | (38.6) | 2517 | (26.1) | 3134 | (32.5) | 274 | (2.8) | |
Female | 13,847 | (58.9) | 4141 | (29.9) | 2948 | (21.3) | 6069 | (43.8) | 689 | (5.0) | |
Age (year) | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
19–29 | 2704 | (11.5) | 661 | (24.4) | 433 | (16.0) | 1332 | (49.3) | 278 | (10.3) | |
30–39 | 3799 | (16.2) | 1146 | (30.2) | 707 | (18.6) | 1725 | (45.4) | 221 | (5.8) | |
40–49 | 4246 | (18.1) | 1376 | (32.4) | 999 | (23.5) | 1738 | (40.9) | 133 | (3.1) | |
50–59 | 4460 | (19.0) | 1630 | (36.5) | 1151 | (25.8) | 1583 | (35.5) | 96 | (2.2) | |
≥60 | 8285 | (35.3) | 3050 | (36.8) | 2175 | (26.3) | 2825 | (34.1) | 235 | (2.8) | |
Education Level | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Middle school or less | 7501 | (31.9) | 2958 | (39.4) | 1940 | (25.9) | 2390 | (31.9) | 213 | (2.8) | |
High school | 6362 | (27.1) | 2155 | (33.9) | 1482 | (23.3) | 2516 | (39.5) | 209 | (3.3) | |
College or over | 9631 | (41.0) | 2750 | (28.6) | 2043 | (21.2) | 4297 | (44.6) | 541 | (5.6) | |
Marital Status | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Married | 16,611 | (70.7) | 5633 | (33.9) | 4,046 | (24.4) | 6410 | (38.6) | 522 | (3.1) | |
Separated or divorced | 3372 | (14.4) | 1275 | (37.8) | 832 | (24.7) | 1150 | (34.1) | 115 | (3.4) | |
Unmarried | 3511 | (14.9) | 955 | (27.2) | 587 | (16.7) | 1643 | (46.8) | 326 | (9.3) | |
Region | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Urban | 10,699 | (45.5) | 3374 | (31.5) | 2509 | (23.5) | 4364 | (40.8) | 452 | (4.2) | |
Rural | 12,795 | (54.5) | 4489 | (35.1) | 2956 | (23.1) | 4839 | (37.8) | 511 | (4.0) | |
Household Income Level | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (lowest) | 4639 | (19.7) | 1704 | (36.7) | 1118 | (24.1) | 1625 | (35.0) | 192 | (4.1) | |
Quartile 2 | 5892 | (25.1) | 2088 | (35.4) | 1369 | (23.2) | 2199 | (37.3) | 236 | (4.0) | |
Quartile 3 | 6357 | (27.1) | 2131 | (33.5) | 1409 | (22.2) | 2570 | (40.4) | 247 | (3.9) | |
Quartile 4 (highest) | 6606 | (28.1) | 1940 | (29.4) | 1569 | (23.8) | 2809 | (42.5) | 288 | (4.4) | |
Frequency of Heavy Drinking | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
None | 13,843 | (58.9) | 4426 | (32.0) | 3175 | (22.9) | 5628 | (40.7) | 614 | (4.4) | |
Once a month | 5826 | (24.8) | 1869 | (32.1) | 1351 | (23.2) | 2352 | (40.4) | 254 | (4.4) | |
Once a week | 3825 | (16.3) | 1568 | (41.0) | 939 | (24.5) | 1223 | (32.0) | 95 | (2.5) | |
Occupational Classification | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
White-collar | 5278 | (22.5) | 1572 | (29.8) | 1197 | (22.7) | 2262 | (42.9) | 247 | (4.7) | |
Blue-collar | 5474 | (23.3) | 2094 | (38.3) | 1367 | (25.0) | 1885 | (34.4) | 128 | (2.3) | |
Pink-collar | 2856 | (12.2) | 992 | (34.7) | 672 | (23.5) | 1080 | (37.8) | 112 | (3.9) | |
None | 9886 | (42.1) | 3205 | (32.4) | 2229 | (22.5) | 3976 | (40.2) | 476 | (4.8) | |
Number of Days of Muscular Exercise | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
None | 17,978 | (76.5) | 6080 | (33.8) | 4094 | (22.8) | 7019 | (39.0) | 785 | (4.4) | |
1–2 | 2094 | (8.9) | 689 | (32.9) | 487 | (23.3) | 832 | (39.7) | 86 | (4.1) | |
3–4 | 1730 | (7.4) | 532 | (30.8) | 429 | (24.8) | 719 | (41.6) | 50 | (2.9) | |
≥5 | 1692 | (7.2) | 562 | (33.2) | 455 | (26.9) | 633 | (37.4) | 42 | (2.5) | |
Self-Reported Health Status | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
High | 6848 | (29.1) | 2058 | (30.1) | 1628 | (23.8) | 2924 | (42.7) | 238 | (3.5) | |
Middle | 11,975 | (51.0) | 3972 | (33.2) | 2858 | (23.9) | 4674 | (39.0) | 471 | (3.9) | |
Low | 4671 | (19.9) | 1833 | (39.2) | 979 | (21.0) | 1605 | (34.4) | 254 | (5.4) | |
Eating Out Rate | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
Everyday | 5094 | (21.7) | 1776 | (34.9) | 1252 | (24.6) | 1857 | (36.5) | 209 | (4.1) | |
3–6 times per week | 11,391 | (48.5) | 3602 | (31.6) | 2578 | (22.6) | 4732 | (41.5) | 479 | (4.2) | |
None | 7009 | (29.8) | 2485 | (35.5) | 1635 | (23.3) | 2614 | (37.3) | 275 | (3.9) | |
Year | 0.0124 | ||||||||||
2013 | 4657 | (19.8) | 1494 | (32.1) | 1088 | (23.4) | 1866 | (40.1) | 209 | (4.5) | |
2014 | 4405 | (18.7) | 1389 | (31.5) | 1025 | (23.3) | 1801 | (40.9) | 190 | (4.3) | |
2015 | 4447 | (18.9) | 1520 | (34.2) | 1068 | (24.0) | 1685 | (37.9) | 174 | (3.9) | |
2016 | 4915 | (20.9) | 1721 | (35.0) | 1113 | (22.6) | 1886 | (38.4) | 195 | (4.0) | |
2017 | 5070 | (21.6) | 1739 | (34.3) | 1171 | (23.1) | 1965 | (38.8) | 195 | (3.8) |
Variables | Obesity | Overweight | Underweight | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | |
Dinner Companion | ||||||
With Family | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
With Others | 1.19 * | (1.04–1.36) | 1.03 | (0.89–1.19) | 0.86 | (0.65–1.14) |
Alone | 1.15 * | (1.03–1.27) | 1.11 | (0.99–1.23) | 0.68 * | (0.53–0.86) |
Breakfast Companion | ||||||
With Family | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
With Others | 1.16 | (0.91–1.46) | 0.81 | (0.62–1.06) | 0.92 | (0.52–1.63) |
Alone | 0.96 | (0.89–1.04) | 0.91 | (0.83–1.00) | 1.23 * | (1.02–1.48) |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 2.18 * | (1.99–2.38) | 1.83 * | (1.65–2.02) | 0.75 * | (0.61–0.93) |
Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Age (year) | ||||||
19–29 | 0.82 | (0.67–1.01) | 0.63 * | (0.50–0.80) | 2.18 * | (1.49–3.17) |
30–39 | 1.02 | (0.88–1.19) | 0.77 * | (0.66–0.91) | 1.74 * | (1.27–2.37) |
40–49 | 1.11 | (0.97–1.28) | 0.92 | (0.80–1.06) | 1.11 | (0.83–1.49) |
50–59 | 1.16 * | (1.04–1.31) | 1.05 | (0.92–1.19) | 0.94 | (0.70–1.25) |
≥60 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Education Level | ||||||
Middle school or less | 1.77 * | (1.55–2.02) | 1.64 * | (1.41–1.90) | 0.92 | (0.65–1.31) |
High school | 1.14 * | (1.04–1.26) | 1.16 * | (1.04–1.29) | 1.00 | (0.77–1.28) |
College or over | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Marital Status | ||||||
Married | 1.25 * | (1.06–1.47) | 1.29 * | (1.08–1.54) | 0.57 * | (0.44–0.76) |
Separated or divorced | 1.35 * | (1.10–1.65) | 1.40 * | (1.13–1.74) | 0.63 * | (0.44–0.91) |
Unmarried | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Region | ||||||
Urban | 0.90 * | (0.83–0.97) | 0.98 | (0.91–1.07) | 1.03 | (0.88–1.21) |
Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Household Income Level | ||||||
Quartile 1 (lowest) | 1.10 | (0.95–1.26) | 1.00 | (0.86–1.15) | 1.13 | (0.86–1.50) |
Quartile 2 | 1.13 * | (1.02–1.26) | 1.00 | (0.89–1.13) | 1.09 | (0.87–1.37) |
Quartile 3 | 1.11 * | (1.00–1.23) | 0.96 | (0.86–1.07) | 0.90 | (0.73–1.11) |
Quartile 4 (highest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Frequency of Heavy Drinking | ||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Once a month | 1.09 | (0.98–1.20) | 1.09 | (0.98–1.21) | 0.87 | (0.72–1.05) |
Once a week | 1.34 * | (1.19–1.51) | 1.17 * | (1.03–1.33) | 0.64 * | (0.49–0.85) |
Occupational Classification | ||||||
White-collar | 0.98 | (0.88–1.09) | 1.07 | (0.94–1.20) | 0.94 | (0.75–1.17) |
Blue-collar | 0.97 | (0.87–1.07) | 0.95 | (0.84–1.07) | 0.79 | (0.61–1.02) |
Pink-collar | 1.10 | (0.97–1.24) | 1.13 | (0.98–1.29) | 1.04 | (0.80–1.35) |
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Number of Days of Muscular Exercise | ||||||
None | 1.15 | (0.99–1.34) | 0.93 | (0.78–1.09) | 1.69 * | (1.14–2.51) |
1–2 | 1.14 | (0.94–1.38) | 0.98 | (0.79–1.20) | 1.40 | (0.89–2.19) |
3–4 | 1.02 | (0.84–1.23) | 0.97 | (0.80–1.19) | 1.04 | (0.63–1.72) |
≥5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Self-Reported Health Status | ||||||
High | 0.64 * | (0.57–0.71) | 1.02 | (0.90–1.15) | 0.41 * | (0.33–0.52) |
Middle | 0.78 * | (0.71–0.86) | 1.06 | (0.95–1.19) | 0.56 * | (0.45–0.68) |
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Eating Out Rate | ||||||
Everyday | 1.07 | (0.94–1.22) | 1.33 * | (1.16–1.54) | 0.95 | (0.73–1.25) |
3–6 times per week | 1.04 | (0.95–1.15) | 1.09 | (0.98–1.21) | 0.87 | (0.71–1.08) |
None | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Year | ||||||
2013 | 0.87 * | (0.78–0.98) | 0.94 | (0.83–1.06) | 1.1.5 | (0.89–1.48) |
2014 | 0.86 * | (0.76–0.98) | 0.93 | (0.82–1.05) | 0.98 | (0.77–1.26) |
2015 | 0.99 | (0.88–1.11) | 1.03 | (0.90–1.16) | 1.06 | (0.82–1.36) |
2016 | 1.08 | (0.96–1.21) | 1.01 | (0.89–1.15) | 1.03 | (0.81–1.31) |
2017 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Variables | Obesity | Overweight | Underweight | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dinner Companion | Dinner Companion | Dinner Companion | |||||||||||||
With Family | With Others | Alone | With Family | With Others | Alone | With Family | With Others | Alone | |||||||
OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
Breakfast Companion | |||||||||||||||
With Family | 1.00 | 1.23 | (0.97–1.57) | 1.38 * | (1.14–1.67) | 1.00 | 0.89 | (0.68–1.18) | 1.08 | (0.88–1.32) | 1.00 | 1.11 | (0.65–1.87) | 0.67 | (0.39–1.16) |
With Others | 1.00 | 1.40 | (0.87–2.26) | 1.04 | (0.53–2.04) | 1.00 | 1.05 | (0.58–1.89) | 0.58 | (0.24–1.41) | 1.00 | 0.87 | (0.29–2.59) | 0.08 | (0.00–1.58) |
Alone | 1.00 | 1.13 | (0.96–1.34) | 1.03 | (0.91–1.17) | 1.00 | 1.10 | (0.92–1.32) | 1.15 * | (1.00–1.32) | 1.00 | 0.80 | (0.56–1.13) | 0.68 * | (0.51–0.90) |
Frequency of Heavy Drinking | |||||||||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.14 | (0.92–1.42) | 1.10 | (0.97–1.24) | 1.00 | 0.99 | (0.78–1.27) | 1.07 | (0.93–1.24) | 1.00 | 0.88 | (0.59–1.30) | 0.76 | (0.57–1.00) |
Once a month | 1.00 | 1.18 | (0.94–1.47) | 1.21 | (0.98–1.49) | 1.00 | 1.11 | (0.87–1.41) | 1.18 | (0.97–1.45) | 1.00 | 0.70 | (0.44–1.11) | 0.42 * | (0.25–0.69) |
Once a week | 1.00 | 1.24 | (0.95–1.62) | 1.16 | (0.90–1.49) | 1.00 | 0.98 | (0.72–1.32) | 1.15 | (0.86–1.53) | 1.00 | 1.64 | (0.85–3.16) | 1.18 | (0.59–2.36) |
Number of Days of Muscular Exercise | |||||||||||||||
None | 1.00 | 1.18 * | (1.01–1.37) | 1.07 | (0.95–1.20) | 1.00 | 0.97 | (0.81–1.15) | 1.12 * | (1.00–1.27) | 1.00 | 0.95 | (0.71–1.29) | 0.68 * | (0.52–0.87) |
1–2 | 1.00 | 1.08 | (0.74–1.59) | 1.58 * | (1.13–2.20) | 1.00 | 1.13 | (0.73–1.74) | 1.17 | (0.81–1.70) | 1.00 | 0.68 | (0.31–1.48) | 0.91 | (0.46–1.78) |
3–4 | 1.00 | 0.97 | (0.63–1.50) | 0.88 | (0.61–1.27) | 1.00 | 1.10 | (0.71–1.71) | 0.89 | (0.59–1.35) | 1.00 | 0.48 | (0.15–1.47) | 0.40 | (0.13–1.23) |
≥5 | 1.00 | 1.68 * | (1.02–2.77) | 2.20 * | (1.50–3.22) | 1.00 | 1.11 | (0.64–1.90) | 1.17 | (0.77–1.78) | 1.00 | 0.21 | (0.03–1.71) | 0.67 | (0.22–2.00) |
Self-Reported Health Status | |||||||||||||||
High | 1.00 | 1.02 | (0.81–1.29) | 1.28 * | (1.04–1.57) | 1.00 | 1.00 | (0.79–1.28) | 1.17 | (0.95–1.45) | 1.00 | 0.72 | (0.45–1.15) | 0.51 * | (0.30–0.87) |
Middle | 1.00 | 1.33 * | (1.11–1.60) | 1.18 * | (1.03–1.35) | 1.00 | 1.08 | (0.89–1.33) | 1.18 * | (1.02–1.36) | 1.00 | 0.92 | (0.62–1.38) | 0.70 * | (0.50–0.97) |
Low | 1.00 | 1.13 | (0.78–1.65) | 0.89 | (0.71–1.12) | 1.00 | 0.89 | (0.56–1.43) | 0.83 | (0.63–1.08) | 1.00 | 1.14 | (0.60–2.15) | 0.73 | (0.47-1.14) |
Eating Out Rate | |||||||||||||||
Everyday | 1.00 | 1.14 | (0.95–1.37) | 1.09 | (0.86–1.37) | 1.00 | 0.98 | (0.79–1.20) | 1.04 | (0.81–1.34) | 1.00 | 0.78 | (0.52–1.17) | 0.54 * | (0.32–0.92) |
3–6 times per week | 1.00 | 1.26 * | (1.01–1.58) | 1.21 * | (1.04–1.40) | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.81–1.34) | 1.12 | (0.96–1.30) | 1.00 | 0.98 | (0.62–1.54) | 0.87 | (0.64–1.20) |
None | 1.00 | 0.89 | (0.56–1.42) | 1.03 | (0.85–1.24) | 1.00 | 1.31 | (0.76–2.24) | 1.12 | (0.91–1.38) | 1.00 | 0.90 | (0.30–2.69) | 0.49 * | (0.33–0.72) |
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Jeong, W.; Jang, S.-I. Associations between Meal Companions and Obesity in South Korean Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082697
Jeong W, Jang S-I. Associations between Meal Companions and Obesity in South Korean Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8):2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082697
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong, Wonseok, and Sung-In Jang. 2020. "Associations between Meal Companions and Obesity in South Korean Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 8: 2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082697