Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Vascular Markers | Description |
---|---|---|
1. | Stiffness index (SI) | determines the stiffness level of large arteries [25] |
2. | Reflection index (RI) | measures the stiffness level of small to moderate arteries [29] |
3. | SDPPG-b/SDPPG-a ratio | high SDPPG-b/SDPPG-a ratio indicates an increase in cardiovascular risk or atherosclerosis [34] |
4. | SDPPG-d/SDPPG-a ratio | increasing SDPPG-d/SDPPG-a ratio represented reduction of arterial stiffness [35] |
5. | Aging index (AGI @ AI) | demonstrating the over-all vascular stiffness and it increases by age [34] |
6. | Revised aging index (RAGI) | a novel SDPPG index [38] |
Reference | Population (n) | Mean Age (Year) Median (Interquartile Range) | Age Range (Year) | Male (%) | Instrument | Statistical Analysis | Association between HR and PPG Vascular Markers | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SI | RI | SDPPG | |||||||
[33] | Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) (57) & healthy (53) | T1DM 32 (24–43) Healthy 27 (22–23) | not mentioned | 43.6 | PCA2 pulse contour analyzer (PulseTrace PCA2, Micro Medical) | Pearson’s correlation coefficient | r = 0.06, p = 0.64 | r = −0.4, p < 0.001 | not measured |
[34] | Women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) (68) | 36 ± 5 36 (26–44) | Not mentioned | 0 | MeridianTM DPA photoplethysmograph (Salcor AB) | Kendal tau rank correlation analysis | not measured | not measured | b/a (Tau = −, p = 0.70) (not significant) d/a (Tau = −, p = 0.79) (not significant) AI (Tau = −, p = 0.68) (not significant) |
[38] | Healthy (1613) | 65.3 ± 9.6 | Not mentioned | 39.6 | Finger photoplethysmograms (Arteto; U-Medica) | Multiple regression analysis | not measured | not measured | b/a (β = −0.200, p < 0.001) d/a (β = 0.143, p < 0.001) AGI (β = −0.057, p = 0.020) RAGI (β = −0.192, p < 0.001) |
[46] | Normal glucose tolerance (121), Impaired glucose tolerance (33) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (47) | Men (60.8 ± 5.2) Women (58.9 ± 5.7) Men (62.6 ± 3.5) Women (59.0 ± 5.1) Men (61.4 ± 4.9) Women (61.4 ± 3.1) | 45–69 | 46.3 | Finger photoplethysmography (PulseTrace, Micro Medical/Care Fusion) | Spearman rank correlations | r = 0.07, p > 0.05 | r = −0.35, p < 0.001 | not measured |
[47] | Normal glucose tolerance or insulin resistance (26) | 31 ± 10 | 18–60 | 38.5 | Digital Photoplethysmograph (Pulse Trace System, Micro Medical) | Univariate regression analysis | β = −0.30, p = 0.132 | β = −0.16, p = 0.438 | not measured |
[48] | Healthy (91) | 54.1 ± 8.5 | Not mentioned | 38.5 | Photoplethysmographic finger probe (PulseTrace 2000, Micro Medical) | Multiple linear regression analyses | r2 = −0.06, p = 0.02 | not measured | not measured |
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Md Lazin Md Lazim, M.R.; Aminuddin, A.; Chellappan, K.; Ugusman, A.; Hamid, A.A.; Wan Ahmad, W.A.N.; Mohamad, M.S.F. Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072591
Md Lazin Md Lazim MR, Aminuddin A, Chellappan K, Ugusman A, Hamid AA, Wan Ahmad WAN, Mohamad MSF. Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7):2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072591
Chicago/Turabian StyleMd Lazin Md Lazim, Md Rizman, Amilia Aminuddin, Kalaivani Chellappan, Azizah Ugusman, Adila A Hamid, Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad, and Mohd Shawal Faizal Mohamad. 2020. "Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7: 2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072591