Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination of Agricultural Soils and Related Effect on Population Health—A Case Study for East River Basin in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Region and Soil Sampling Sites
2.2. Sources of Heavy Metal Content in Agricultural Soils
2.2.1. Literature on the Collapsed Tailings and Heavy Metal Pollution in Affected Region
2.2.2. Soil Sample Collection and Heavy Metal Quantification
2.3. Evaluation Parameters and Calculation Methods for Soil Heavy Metal Pollution
2.3.1. Evaluation Method for Single Pollution Index
2.3.2. Soil Comprehensive Pollution Index Model and Evaluation Method
2.4. Health Surveys for Residents in the Study Site
2.4.1. Questionnaire Survey
2.4.2. Blood Sample Collection and Blood Lead Detection
2.5. Geographical Analysis
2.5.1. Establishment of Geographical Information Database
2.5.2. Data Visualization and Geographical Information Analysis
2.6. Data Entry and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Generality of the Study Area
3.2. Analysis of Heavy Metals in Environmental Soils in East River Basin
3.2.1. Literature on Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils
3.2.2. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils
3.2.3. Heavy Metal Pollution of Agricultural Soils in the East River Basin
3.3. Health Survey
3.3.1. Blood Lead Content of the Survey Population
3.3.2. Prevalence of Chronic Diseases in the Survey Population
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution in Agricultural Soil in the East River Basin
4.2. Analysis of Association between Heavy Metal Pollution and Residential Health
4.3. Conclusions
4.4. Limitations and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Study Site | Sampling Points | Sample Depth (cm) | Analysis Method | Examination Markers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liu 2005 | East River basin | Shizhuyuan village, Jintian village, Guanyinqiao | 0–15 | ICP-MS | Sc, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Zr |
Zeng 2006 | Shizhuyuan mine | Shihupu village | 20 | SDDC | As |
Zhou 2011 | Shizhuyuan mine | Xiangshanping village, Matian village, Banqiao village, Shihupu village | 0–20 | AAS | Pb, Cd, Zn |
He 2007 | Shizhuyuan mine | Bailutang village, Shihupu village | 0–20 | AAS, AFS | Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn |
Lan 2015 | Shizhuyuan mine | Pingshang, Shihupu village, Zitang, Hujiaao | 0–20 | AAS, AFS | Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn |
Lu 2011 | Shihupu village | - | Not specified | AAS | Pb, Cd, Zn |
Lei 2012 | East River basin | Shizhuyuan village, Bailutang village, Matian village, Zitang, Fengyuzhong, Zhangshuxia | 0–20 | AAS, AFS | Pb, Cd, As, Zn, Hg |
Lei 2008 | Shizhuyuan mine | Shizhuyuan village | 0–20 | AAS, ICP-OES, AFS | Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn |
Lei 2010 | Shizhuyuan mine | Shizhuyuan village | 0–10 | AAS | Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn |
Liao 2005 | Shizhuyuan village | - | 15 | HG-AFS | As |
Zhou 2016 | Shizhuyuan mine | - | Not specified | Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Zn | |
Zhou 2013 | Shizhuyuan mine | - | 0–20 | AAS | Pb, Cd, Zn |
He et al. 2013 | East River basin | Zhudui village, Matian village | 0–20 | AAS | Pb, Cd |
Heavy Metal * | Risk Screening Values (mg/kg) | Risk Control Values (mg/kg) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5 | 6.5 < pH ≤ 7.5 | 5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5 | 6.5 < pH ≤ 7.5 | |
Lead (Pb) | 90 | 120 | 500 | 700 |
Cadmium (Cd) | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
Arsenic (As) | 40 | 30 | 150 | 120 |
Zinc (Zn) | 200 | 250 | - | - |
Copper (Cr) | 50 | 100 | - | - |
Village | Samples (No) | Mean Level of Heavy Metals (Range) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lead | Cadmium | Arsenic | Zinc | Copper | ||
Shizhuyuan | 39 | 961.45 (107.98–4280.61) | 5.90 (0.46–11.9) | 383.38 (53.96–1217.2) | 438.27 (196.1–1064.21) | 109.24 (40.43–221.40) |
Banqiao | 1 | 1076.08 | 6.04 | - | 271.04 | - |
6 | 1088.30 (852.12–1443.73) | 7.75 (3.5–11.07) | 709.29 (379.34–1226.52) | 1000.71 (529.60–1251.59) | 135.83 (110.08–148.95) | |
Jintian | 4 | 321.11 (154.47–658.08) | 2.70 (2.25–3.08) | 192.49 (144.72–251.02) | 416.61 (295.87–512.09) | 72.18 (53.64–88.18) |
Xiangshanping | 1 | 349.24 | 5.06 | - | 196.06 | - |
Matian | 23 | 352.08 (87.31–1119.70) | 2.48 (0.47–7.18) | 65.88 (23.82–186.20) | 47.81 (9.79–375.11) | 4.47 (1.93–11.54) |
135 | 563.37 | 11.15 | 596.31 | 315.73 | 73.46 | |
Bailutang | 3 | 267.22 (189.2–423.44) | 1.22 (1.10–1.38) | 70.29 (55.48–92.45) | 468.41 (265.23–616.20) | 62.6 |
Shihupu | 82 | 548.95 (442.25–655.65) | 8.13 (6.93–9.32) | 351.18 (188.96–513.40) | 577.70 (225.73–929.66) | 53.75 |
64 | 694.30 (78.50–1234.99) | 5.89 (0.92–11.75) | 586.93 (47.30–1408.90) | 381.27 (270.04–584.47) | 51.61 (34.80–70.33) | |
87 | 678.77 | 10.06 | 881.38 | 301.27 | 77.53 | |
3 | 143.77 (66.45–278.86) | 0.27 (0.12–0.4) | 41.04 (31.15–56.84) | 187.35 (112.71–272.36) | - | |
Zhangshuxia | 4 | 423.02 (70.77–1471.19) | 3.59 (0.4–12.76) | 190.13 (4.88–709.14) | 468.14 (123.26–1465.49) | - |
Zhudui | 3 | 131.03 (105.48–161.16) | 1.50 (1.30–1.82) | - | 11.27 (8.18–16.61) | 2.13 (2.04–2.18) |
Mean | 455 | 542.76 | 5.12 | 369.85 | 362.97 | 65.48 |
Standard deviation | 321.20 | 3.35 | 288.07 | 244.96 | 39.16 |
Site | PPb | PCd | PAs | PZn | PCu | Ps | Pollution Degree * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shizhuyuan | 8.01 | 19.67 | 12.78 | 1.75 | 1.09 | 14.36 | Severe pollution |
Banqiao | 8.97 | 20.13 | - | 1.08 | - | - | Severe pollution |
Guanyin qiao | 9.07 | 25.83 | 23.64 | 4.00 | 1.36 | 18.99 | Severe pollution |
Jintian | 2.68 | 9.00 | 6.42 | 1.67 | 0.72 | 6.61 | Severe pollution |
Xiangshanping | 2.91 | 16.87 | - | 0.78 | - | - | Severe pollution |
Hujiaao | 2.93 | 8.27 | 2.20 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 5.98 | Severe pollution |
Matian | 4.69 | 37.17 | 19.88 | 1.26 | 0.73 | 26.78 | Severe pollution |
Bailutang | 2.23 | 4.07 | 2.34 | 1.87 | 0.63 | 3.05 | Severe pollution |
Zitang | 4.57 | 27.10 | 11.71 | 2.31 | 0.54 | 19.53 | Severe pollution |
Shihupu | 5.79 | 19.63 | 19.56 | 1.53 | 0.52 | 14.39 | Severe pollution |
Pingshang | 5.66 | 33.53 | 29.38 | 1.21 | 0.78 | 24.37 | Severe pollution |
Fengyichong | 1.20 | 0.90 | 1.37 | 0.75 | - | - | Moderate pollution |
Zhangshuxia | 3.53 | 11.97 | 6.34 | 1.87 | - | - | Severe pollution |
Zhudui | 1.09 | 5.00 | - | 0.05 | 0.02 | - | Moderate pollution |
Age Group | Villages * | Distribution of Blood Lead Levels (%) | χ2 | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 µg/dL~ | 5 µg/dL~ | 10 µg/dL~ | 20 µg/dL~ | ||||
≤14 years (n = 25) | |||||||
Matian (n = 14) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (78.6%) | 3 (21.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3.16 | 0.21 | |
Zhudui (n = 11) | 2 (18.2%) | 8 (72.7%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
Subtotal (n = 25) | 2 (8.0%) | 19 (76.0%) | 4 (16.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
≥15 years~ (n = 53) | |||||||
Matian (n = 35) | 1 (2.9%) | 17 (48.5%) | 14 (40.0%) | 3 (8.6%) | 8.70 | 0.03 | |
Zhudui (n = 18) | 5 (27.8%) | 6 (33.3%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
Subtotal (n = 53) | |||||||
Total (n = 78) | |||||||
Matian (n = 49) | 1 (2.0%) | 28 (57.1%) | 17 (34.7%) | 3 (6.1%) | 7.91 | 0.05 | |
Zhudui (n = 29) | 7 (24.1%) | 14 (48.3%) | 8 (27.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Village * | Chronic Disease Prevalence | χ2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of People with Disease | Prevalence (%) | |||
Matian (n = 59) | 23 | 39.0 | 3.23 | 0.09 |
Zhudui (n = 134) | 35 | 26.1 |
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He, L.; Hu, W.; Wang, X.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, Y.; Meng, Y.; Xiao, Q.; Guo, X.; Zhou, Y.; Bi, Y.; et al. Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination of Agricultural Soils and Related Effect on Population Health—A Case Study for East River Basin in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061996
He L, Hu W, Wang X, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Meng Y, Xiao Q, Guo X, Zhou Y, Bi Y, et al. Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination of Agricultural Soils and Related Effect on Population Health—A Case Study for East River Basin in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(6):1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061996
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Liping, Wei Hu, Xiaofeng Wang, Yu Liu, Yan Jiang, Yanbin Meng, Qipeng Xiao, Xinxin Guo, Yanfeng Zhou, Yongyi Bi, and et al. 2020. "Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination of Agricultural Soils and Related Effect on Population Health—A Case Study for East River Basin in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6: 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061996