Participation and Performance Analysis in Children and Adolescents Competing in Time-Limited Ultra-Endurance Running Events
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Data Sampling and Data Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Participation Trends
4.2. Differences in Age Regarding Duration of Races
4.3. Analysis among Different Races and Sexes
4.4. Analysis in Running Speed Across Age Groups
4.5. Analysis in Running Speed over Years
4.6. Limitations
4.7. Practical Applications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Duration | Running Speed (km/h) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | Mean (SD) | Min | Max | |
6 h | 214 | 8.84 (1.06) | 7.50 | 12.83 |
8 h | 68 | 6.97 (0.92) | 5.68 | 10.24 |
12 h | 247 | 5.39 (1.36) | 3.75 | 10.42 |
24 h | 805 | 2.83 (1.00) | 1.87 | 8.00 |
48 h | 46 | 2.40 (1.06) | 0.94 | 4.37 |
72 h | 50 | 1.54 (0.72) | 0.66 | 3.24 |
6 days | 13 | 1.57 (0.77) | 0.45 | 3.37 |
8 days | 7 | 1.72 (0.35) | 1.15 | 2.30 |
Duration | 6 h, N = 214 | 12 h, N = 247 | 24 h, N = 805 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Sex | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) |
10–13 | F | 5 | 8.23 (0.34) | 24 | 4.94 (0.93) | 136 | 2.45 (0.56) |
M | 18 | 8.16 (0.51) | 22 | 5.05 (0.98) | 240 | 2.53 (0.77) | |
14–15 | F | 7 | 8.68 (0.66) | 18 | 4.91 (1.10) | 84 | 2.84 (0.89) |
M | 32 | 8.47 (0.93) | 36 | 5.01 (1.10) | 101 | 2.93 (0.86) | |
16–17 | F | 17 | 8.52 (0.91) | 23 | 5.21 (1.08) | 55 | 2.83 (0.94) |
M | 54 | 8.82 (0.91) | 60 | 5.34 (1.32) | 104 | 2.97 (0.93) | |
18 | F | 20 | 9.09 (0.78) | 17 | 5.35 (0.80) | 26 | 3.19 (1.01) |
M | 61 | 9.33 (1.31) | 47 | 6.42 (1.79) | 86 | 3.85 (1.56) | |
Continent | Sex | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) |
North America | F | 11 | 8.65 (0.96) | 53 | 5.11 (1.02) | 106 | 2.90 (0.94) |
M | 50 | 8.71 (0.91) | 77 | 5.51 (1.34) | 246 | 3.03 (1.07) | |
Europe | F | 35 | 8.77 (0.81) | 25 | 5.07 (0.98) | 162 | 2.50 (0.63) |
M | 111 | 8.96 (1.20) | 68 | 5.54 (1.70) | 279 | 2.77 (1.08) | |
Other | F M | 3 4 | 8.87 (0.75) 8.22 (0.53) | 4 20 | 5.02 (0.79) 5.62 (1.43) | 6 6 | 3.60 (0.95) 4.21 (0.71) |
Year | Sex | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) |
1990–1999 | F | 1 | 8.77 | 1 | 5.00 | 2 | 3.10 (0.57) |
M | 8 | 9.64 (1.26) | 6 | 6.92 (2.10) | 17 | 4.03 (1.79) | |
2000–2009 | F | 19 | 8.87 (0.77) | 16 | 4.76 (0.97) | 23 | 3.26 (1.05) |
M | 52 | 8.99 (1.26) | 43 | 5.35 (1.69) | 69 | 3.50 (1.52) | |
2010–2018 | F | 29 | 8.67 (0.88) | 65 | 5.18 (0.99) | 248 | 2.61 (0.75) |
M | 105 | 8.75 (1.00) | 116 | 5.53 (1.36) | 439 | 2.73 (0.82) |
Predictor | Time-Limited Races | ||
---|---|---|---|
6 h | 12 h | 24 h | |
Age | |||
BS(Age)1 | 0.842 (0.940) | 1.423 (1.173) | 0.227 (0.382) |
BS(Age)2 | −0.226 (0.538) | −0.584 (0.628) | 0.708 *(0.331) |
BS(Age)3 | 1.323 **(0.482) | 1.708 **(0.590) | 0.696 ***(0.203) |
Sex = M (ref=F) | 0.236 (0.185) | 0.377 *(0.189) | −0.134 (0.167) |
Age:Sex interaction terms | |||
BS(Age)1:SexM | 0.551 (0.475) | ||
BS(Age)2:SexM | −0.402 (0.402) | ||
BS(Age)3:SexM | 0.703 **(0.243) | ||
Year | −0.024 (0.014) | 0.003 (0.017) | |
BS(Year)1 | −1.349 (1.210) | ||
BS(Year)2 | −3.417 ***(0.612) | ||
BS(Year)3 | −3.215 ***(0.677) | ||
Continent (ref. North America) | |||
Europe | 0.142 (0.173) | −0.140 (0.196) | −0.115 (0.069) |
Other | −0.238 (0.328) | 0.395 (0.296) | |
Constant | 56.062 *(27.523) | −1.086 (33.910) | 5.495 ***(0.684) |
Observations Runners | 207 159 | 247 212 | 805 582 |
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Scheer, V.; Di Gangi, S.; Villiger, E.; Rosemann, T.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; Knechtle, B. Participation and Performance Analysis in Children and Adolescents Competing in Time-Limited Ultra-Endurance Running Events. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051628
Scheer V, Di Gangi S, Villiger E, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. Participation and Performance Analysis in Children and Adolescents Competing in Time-Limited Ultra-Endurance Running Events. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(5):1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051628
Chicago/Turabian StyleScheer, Volker, Stefania Di Gangi, Elias Villiger, Thomas Rosemann, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, and Beat Knechtle. 2020. "Participation and Performance Analysis in Children and Adolescents Competing in Time-Limited Ultra-Endurance Running Events" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 5: 1628. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051628