Problem Gambling in the Fitness World—A General Population Web Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
Statistical Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Problem Gamblers (>0 Lie/Bet Items, n = 241), % (n) | Non-Problem Gamblers (0 Lie/Bet Items, n = 2847), % (n) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Male Gender | 94 (227) | 61 (1744) | <0.001 |
Age Group | <0.001 | ||
- 15–18 yrs | 1 (3) | 2 (46) | |
- 19–24 yrs | 18 (44) | 13 (359) | |
- 25–29 yrs | 30 (72) | 21 (598) | |
- 30–39 yrs | 36 (87) | 32 (922) | |
- 40–49 yrs | 13 (32) | 23 (665) | |
- 50–59 yrs | 1 (2) | 8 (224) | |
- 60+ yrs | 0 (1) | 1 (33) | |
Days of Exercise/Week | |||
- 3 | 17 (42) | 12 (338) | <0.01 |
- 4 | 29 (71) | 27 (757) | |
- 5 | 27 (65) | 33 (940) | |
- 6 | 16 (38) | 21 (592) | |
- 7 | 10 (25) | 8 (220) | |
Cannabis | 15 (36) | 7 (195) | <0.001 |
Benzodiazepines | 2 (6) | 2 (43) | 0.24 |
Cocaine | 6 (15) | 2 (64) | <0.001 |
Amphetamine | 4 (9) | 1 (39) | <0.01 |
Opioids | 7 (17) | 6 (174) | 0.56 |
Stimulants Medications | 1 (3) | 1 (32) | 0.87 |
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids | 2 (5) | 1 (33) | 0.22 |
Sought Treatment for Psychological Distress | 29 (69) | 30 (846) | 0.72 |
Eating Disorder | 1 (3) | 4 (115) | 0.03 |
Panic Disorder | 8 (18) | 6 (171) | 0.36 |
Social Phobia | 2 (6) | 2 (69) | 0.95 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 8 (19) | 6 (174) | 0.28 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 2 (6) | 1 (22) | <0.01 |
AD/HD or ADD | 5 (11) | 2 (51) | <0.01 |
Depression | 15 (37) | 15 (441) | 0.96 |
Daily Smoking | 7 (18) | 4 (128) | 0.04 |
AUDIT-C, Median (Interquartile Range) * | 4 (3–6) | 3 (2–5) | <0.01 |
OR | 95% Confidence Interval | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Male Gender | 9.25 | 5.17–16.57 | <0.001 |
Older Age Group | 0.79 | 0.70–0.88 | <0.001 |
Number of Days of Exercise Weekly | 0.88 | 0.78–1.00 * | 0.04 |
Cannabis | 1.16 | 0.72–1.74 | 0.63 |
Cocaine | 1.21 | 0.56-2.63 | 0.63 |
Amphetamine | 1.20 | 0.46–3.15 | 0.71 |
AUDIT-C Score | 1.16 | 1.09–1.24 | <0.001 |
Daily Smoking | 1.27 | 0.72–2.23 | 0.41 |
Eating Disorder | 1.64 | 0.47–5.70 | 0.44 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 3.32 | 1.18–9.35 | 0.02 |
ADHD/ADD | 2.03 | 0.98–4.20 | 0.06 |
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Håkansson, A.; Entezarjou, A.; Kenttä, G.; Fernández-Aranda, F.; Jiménez-Murcia, S.; Gunnarsson, B. Problem Gambling in the Fitness World—A General Population Web Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041342
Håkansson A, Entezarjou A, Kenttä G, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S, Gunnarsson B. Problem Gambling in the Fitness World—A General Population Web Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(4):1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041342
Chicago/Turabian StyleHåkansson, Anders, Artin Entezarjou, Göran Kenttä, Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Susana Jiménez-Murcia, and Björn Gunnarsson. 2020. "Problem Gambling in the Fitness World—A General Population Web Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4: 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041342