A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T1 (n = 2716) | T2 (n = 2430) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |
Never | 53.6 | 81.4 | 71.5 | 39.27 | 73.3 | 57.9 |
Low | 7.5 | 5.5 | 10.7 | 4.27 | 5.9 | 5.2 |
Average | 14.8 | 8.6 | 4.5 | 9.82 | 9.6 | 9.7 |
High | 24.1 | 4.5 | 13.3 | 46.6 | 11.2 | 27.2 |
Gambling Behavior for T2 | 95% CI | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infrequent Gambling | Frequent Gambling | |||||
n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | |||
Age | 707 | 14.99 ± 1.00 | 364 | 15.18 ± 1.02 | (−0.32, −0.06) | 0.003 |
Sensation-seeking | 708 | 3.29 ± 0.77 | 366 | 3.42 ± 0.75 | (−0.23, −0.04) | 0.007 |
impulsivity | 708 | 2.35 ± 0.36 | 366 | 2.39 ± 0.38 | (−0.08, 0.01) | 0.124 |
Risk perception | 696 | 1.44 ± 0.64 | 362 | 1.73 ± 0.75 | (−0.38, −0.20) | <0.001 |
Self-efficacy not to gamble | 693 | 3.49 ± 0.66 | 354 | 3.29 ± 0.79 | (0.11, 0.30) | <0.001 |
Parents attitude | 677 | 0.87 ± 0.71 | 348 | 1.05 ± 0.87 | (−0.29, −0.08) | 0.001 |
Group pressure (friends) | 678 | 0.44 ± 0.52 | 352 | 0.75 ± 0.68 | (−0.39, −0.23) | <0.001 |
Subjective norm: parents | 702 | 4.83 ± 2.82 | 359 | 5.61 ± 3.46 | (−1.19, −0.36) | <0.001 |
Subjective norm: friends | 701 | 7.20 ± 3.57 | 358 | 7.89 ± 4.16 | (−1.20, −0.19) | 0.007 |
Subjective norm: peers | 699 | 5.17 ± 3.10 | 358 | 5.25 ± 3.42 | (−0.50, 0.35) | 0.721 |
Subjective norm: teachers | 700 | 4.03 ± 2.60 | 359 | 3.68 ± 2.74 | (0.01, 0.69) | 0.041 |
Subjective norm: partner | 686 | 6.04 ± 3.45 | 355 | 6.95 ± 4.00 | (−1.4, −0.42) | <0.001 |
Exposure to publicity | 706 | 24.18 ± 6.36 | 366 | 26.3 ± 6.72 | (−2.94, −1.30) | <0.001 |
Accessibility | 659 | 2.41 ± 0.68 | 345 | 2.63 ± 0.66 | (−0.31, −0.13) | <0.001 |
Normative perception | 696 | 2.00 ± 0.75 | 353 | 2.31 ± 0.88 | (−0.41, −0.20) | <0.001 |
Gambling Behavior at T2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Infrequent Gambling n (%) | Frequent Gambling n (%) | ||
Gambling behavior at T1 | <0.001 | ||
No gamble | 649(76.4) | 201(23.6) | |
Yes gambles | 59(26.3) | 165(73.7) | |
Gender | <0.001 | ||
Male | 234(48.5) | 248(51.5) | |
Female | 474(80.1) | 118(19.4) | |
Gambling behavior of parents | 0.002 | ||
Do not gamble | 574(68.3) | 266(31.7) | |
At least one gambles | 134(57.3) | 100(42.7) |
Variable | Beta | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | VIF | AIC | R2 Nagelkerke | HL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model A | 725.36 | 0.308 | 0.933 | |||||
Constant | −2.013 | |||||||
Gambling behavior at T1 | 1.680 | <0.001 | 5.364 | 3.48–8.34 | 1.03 | |||
Gender | −1.207 | <0.001 | 0.299 | 0.21–0.43 | 1.04 | |||
Risk perception | 0.412 | 0.003 | 1.509 | 1.15–1.99 | 1.02 | |||
Sensation-seeking | 0.252 | 0.046 | 1.287 | 1.01–1.65 | 1.03 | |||
Model B | 693.14 | 0.302 | 0.776 | |||||
Constant | −1.374 | |||||||
Gambling behavior at T1 | 1.525 | <0.001 | 4.596 | 2.92–7.31 | 1.10 | |||
Gender | −1.154 | <0.001 | 0.315 | 0.22–0.46 | 1.02 | |||
Risk perception | 0.401 | 0.004 | 1.493 | 1.14–1.97 | 1.01 | |||
Peer pressure (friends) | 0.412 | 0.018 | 1.510 | 1.07–2.13 | 1.08 | |||
Model C | 684.45 | 0.302 | 0.669 | |||||
Constant | −1.927 | |||||||
Gambling behavior at T1 | 1.615 | <0.001 | 5.027 | 3.23–7.90 | 1.04 | |||
Gender | −1.150 | <0.001 | 0.317 | 0.22–0.46 | 1.02 | |||
Risk perception | 0.422 | 0.004 | 1.524 | 1.15–2.03 | 1.02 | |||
Accessibility | 0.294 | 0.040 | 1.341 | 1.02–1.78 | 1.02 |
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Botella-Guijarro, Á.; Lloret-Irles, D.; Segura-Heras, J.V.; Cabrera-Perona, V.; Moriano, J.A. A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249266
Botella-Guijarro Á, Lloret-Irles D, Segura-Heras JV, Cabrera-Perona V, Moriano JA. A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249266
Chicago/Turabian StyleBotella-Guijarro, Álvaro, Daniel Lloret-Irles, José Vicente Segura-Heras, Víctor Cabrera-Perona, and Juan Antonio Moriano. 2020. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249266
APA StyleBotella-Guijarro, Á., Lloret-Irles, D., Segura-Heras, J. V., Cabrera-Perona, V., & Moriano, J. A. (2020). A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249266