A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T1 (n = 2716) | T2 (n = 2430) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | |
Never | 53.6 | 81.4 | 71.5 | 39.27 | 73.3 | 57.9 |
Low | 7.5 | 5.5 | 10.7 | 4.27 | 5.9 | 5.2 |
Average | 14.8 | 8.6 | 4.5 | 9.82 | 9.6 | 9.7 |
High | 24.1 | 4.5 | 13.3 | 46.6 | 11.2 | 27.2 |
Gambling Behavior for T2 | 95% CI | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infrequent Gambling | Frequent Gambling | |||||
n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | |||
Age | 707 | 14.99 ± 1.00 | 364 | 15.18 ± 1.02 | (−0.32, −0.06) | 0.003 |
Sensation-seeking | 708 | 3.29 ± 0.77 | 366 | 3.42 ± 0.75 | (−0.23, −0.04) | 0.007 |
impulsivity | 708 | 2.35 ± 0.36 | 366 | 2.39 ± 0.38 | (−0.08, 0.01) | 0.124 |
Risk perception | 696 | 1.44 ± 0.64 | 362 | 1.73 ± 0.75 | (−0.38, −0.20) | <0.001 |
Self-efficacy not to gamble | 693 | 3.49 ± 0.66 | 354 | 3.29 ± 0.79 | (0.11, 0.30) | <0.001 |
Parents attitude | 677 | 0.87 ± 0.71 | 348 | 1.05 ± 0.87 | (−0.29, −0.08) | 0.001 |
Group pressure (friends) | 678 | 0.44 ± 0.52 | 352 | 0.75 ± 0.68 | (−0.39, −0.23) | <0.001 |
Subjective norm: parents | 702 | 4.83 ± 2.82 | 359 | 5.61 ± 3.46 | (−1.19, −0.36) | <0.001 |
Subjective norm: friends | 701 | 7.20 ± 3.57 | 358 | 7.89 ± 4.16 | (−1.20, −0.19) | 0.007 |
Subjective norm: peers | 699 | 5.17 ± 3.10 | 358 | 5.25 ± 3.42 | (−0.50, 0.35) | 0.721 |
Subjective norm: teachers | 700 | 4.03 ± 2.60 | 359 | 3.68 ± 2.74 | (0.01, 0.69) | 0.041 |
Subjective norm: partner | 686 | 6.04 ± 3.45 | 355 | 6.95 ± 4.00 | (−1.4, −0.42) | <0.001 |
Exposure to publicity | 706 | 24.18 ± 6.36 | 366 | 26.3 ± 6.72 | (−2.94, −1.30) | <0.001 |
Accessibility | 659 | 2.41 ± 0.68 | 345 | 2.63 ± 0.66 | (−0.31, −0.13) | <0.001 |
Normative perception | 696 | 2.00 ± 0.75 | 353 | 2.31 ± 0.88 | (−0.41, −0.20) | <0.001 |
Gambling Behavior at T2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|
Infrequent Gambling n (%) | Frequent Gambling n (%) | ||
Gambling behavior at T1 | <0.001 | ||
No gamble | 649(76.4) | 201(23.6) | |
Yes gambles | 59(26.3) | 165(73.7) | |
Gender | <0.001 | ||
Male | 234(48.5) | 248(51.5) | |
Female | 474(80.1) | 118(19.4) | |
Gambling behavior of parents | 0.002 | ||
Do not gamble | 574(68.3) | 266(31.7) | |
At least one gambles | 134(57.3) | 100(42.7) |
Variable | Beta | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | VIF | AIC | R2 Nagelkerke | HL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model A | 725.36 | 0.308 | 0.933 | |||||
Constant | −2.013 | |||||||
Gambling behavior at T1 | 1.680 | <0.001 | 5.364 | 3.48–8.34 | 1.03 | |||
Gender | −1.207 | <0.001 | 0.299 | 0.21–0.43 | 1.04 | |||
Risk perception | 0.412 | 0.003 | 1.509 | 1.15–1.99 | 1.02 | |||
Sensation-seeking | 0.252 | 0.046 | 1.287 | 1.01–1.65 | 1.03 | |||
Model B | 693.14 | 0.302 | 0.776 | |||||
Constant | −1.374 | |||||||
Gambling behavior at T1 | 1.525 | <0.001 | 4.596 | 2.92–7.31 | 1.10 | |||
Gender | −1.154 | <0.001 | 0.315 | 0.22–0.46 | 1.02 | |||
Risk perception | 0.401 | 0.004 | 1.493 | 1.14–1.97 | 1.01 | |||
Peer pressure (friends) | 0.412 | 0.018 | 1.510 | 1.07–2.13 | 1.08 | |||
Model C | 684.45 | 0.302 | 0.669 | |||||
Constant | −1.927 | |||||||
Gambling behavior at T1 | 1.615 | <0.001 | 5.027 | 3.23–7.90 | 1.04 | |||
Gender | −1.150 | <0.001 | 0.317 | 0.22–0.46 | 1.02 | |||
Risk perception | 0.422 | 0.004 | 1.524 | 1.15–2.03 | 1.02 | |||
Accessibility | 0.294 | 0.040 | 1.341 | 1.02–1.78 | 1.02 |
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Botella-Guijarro, Á.; Lloret-Irles, D.; Segura-Heras, J.V.; Cabrera-Perona, V.; Moriano, J.A. A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 9266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249266
Botella-Guijarro Á, Lloret-Irles D, Segura-Heras JV, Cabrera-Perona V, Moriano JA. A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(24):9266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249266
Chicago/Turabian StyleBotella-Guijarro, Álvaro, Daniel Lloret-Irles, José Vicente Segura-Heras, Víctor Cabrera-Perona, and Juan Antonio Moriano. 2020. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Gambling Predictors among Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24: 9266. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249266