Examining Negative Emotional Symptoms and Psychological Wellbeing of Australian Sport Officials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample and Recruitment
2.2. Instruments and Measures
2.2.1. Work Engagement
2.2.2. Negative Emotional Symptoms
2.2.3. Psychological Wellbeing
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Treatment and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 244 | 77.0 |
Female | 73 | 23.0 |
Age group (years) | ||
18–30 | 64 | 20.2 |
31–50 | 114 | 36.0 |
>50 | 139 | 43.8 |
Relationship status | ||
Married/committed relationship | 229 | 72.2 |
Single/divorced/separated/widowed | 88 | 27.8 |
Highest level of education | ||
High school | 96 | 30.3 |
Trade/certificate/diploma/undergraduate/postgraduate | 221 | 69.7 |
Number of sports officiated | ||
One | 268 | 84.5 |
Two | 37 | 11.7 |
Three or more | 12 | 3.8 |
Sport(s) officiated # | ||
Rugby union | 94 | - |
Field hockey | 57 | - |
Cricket | 56 | - |
Netball | 35 | - |
Rugby league | 27 | - |
Australian Rules football | 23 | - |
Soccer | 21 | - |
All other sports (e.g., basketball, boxing, athletics, lacrosse) | 77 | - |
Highest level of competition officiated | ||
Local/community | 217 | 68.5 |
State | 61 | 19.2 |
National | 25 | 7.9 |
International | 14 | 4.4 |
Engagement | ||
Volunteer | 172 | 54.3 |
Paid | 145 | 45.7 |
Nature of paid engagement | ||
Full time | 50 | 34.5 |
Part time | 23 | 15.9 |
Casual | 72 | 49.7 |
Age groups usually officiated | ||
Children/youth (up to 16 years) | 21 | 6.6 |
Adults/senior (over 16 years) | 105 | 33.1 |
Both | 191 | 60.3 |
Gender usually officiated | ||
Males | 113 | 35.6 |
Females | 26 | 8.2 |
Both | 178 | 56.2 |
Officiating experience (years) | ||
0–5 | 73 | 23.0 |
6–9 | 61 | 19.2 |
≥10 | 183 | 57.7 |
Variable | α | M (SD) | 95% CI | Norms (M) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AWS | ||||
Workload | 0.73 | 3.2 (0.8) | 3.1, 3.3 | 2.83 [26] |
Control | 0.82 | 3.8 (0.8) | 3.7, 3.8 | 3.35 [26] |
DASS-21 | ||||
Depression | 0.92 | 7.3 (8.6) | 6.4, 8.3 | 5.14 [43] * |
Anxiety | 0.82 | 4.9 (6.1) | 4.2, 5.6 | 3.48 [43] * |
Stress | 0.88 | 10.4 (8.2) | 9.4, 11.3 | 7.98 [43] * |
Negative emotional symptoms | 0.94 | 22.6 (20.8) | 20.3, 24.8 | 16.60 [43] * |
WEMWBS | ||||
Total psychological wellbeing score | 0.95 | 53.3 (9.7) | 52.2, 54.3 | 52.3 [44] |
Variable | Negative Emotional Symptoms | Psychological Wellbeing | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | t/F | p | d/η2 | M (SD) | t/F | p | d/η2 | |
Demographic | ||||||||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 21.3 (21.0) | −1.91 | 0.06 | 0.26 | 54.2 (9.6) | 3.05 | 0.003 | 0.41 |
Female | 26.6 (19.5) | 50.3 (9.3) | ||||||
Age group (years) | ||||||||
18–30 | 31.8 (24.7) | 9.3 | <0.001 | 0.06 | 49.3 (10.3) | 9.3 | <0.001 | 0.06 |
31–50 | 22.2 (19.7) | 52.9 (9.3) | ||||||
>50 | 18.6 (18.3) | 55.4 (9.0) | ||||||
Relationship status | ||||||||
Married/committed relationship | 20.3 (19.2) | −2.9 | 0.005 | 0.38 | 54.9 (9.3) | 5.1 | <0.001 | 0.64 |
Single/divorced/separated/widowed | 28.4 (23.5) | 48.9 (9.4) | ||||||
Highest level of education | ||||||||
High school | 26.2 (22.0) | 2.1 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 51.5 (9.7) | −2.2 | 0.03 | 0.26 |
Trade/certificate/diploma/undergraduate/postgraduate | 21.0 (20.0) | 54.0 (9.6) | ||||||
Officiating | ||||||||
Highest competition level | ||||||||
Community | 23.2 (21.7) | 0.90 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 53.5 (10.0) | 0.48 | 0.63 | 0.06 |
State/national/international | 21.1 (18.5) | 52.9 (8.9) | ||||||
Engagement | ||||||||
Volunteer | 22.9 (21.8) | 00.30 | 0.76 | 0.03 | 53.1 (9.8) | −0.45 | 0.65 | 0.05 |
Paid | 22.2 (19.6) | 53.5 (9.6) | ||||||
Officiating experience (years) | ||||||||
0–5 | 29.6 (25.5) | 5.6 | 0.004 | 0.03 | 50.9 (10.2) | 2.8 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
6–9 | 20.1 (17.2) | 53.9 (9.2) | ||||||
≥10 | 20.6 (19.2) | 54.0 (9.5) |
Variable | Negative Emotional Symptoms | Psychological Wellbeing | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | se | p | b | se | p | |
Gender, female | −2.19 | 2.56 | 0.39 | −0.16 | 1.12 | 0.89 |
Age (ref: 18–30 years) | ||||||
31–50 years | −5.00 | 3.61 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 1.38 | 0.87 |
>50 years | −7.22 | 3.68 | 0.05 | 2.23 | 1.46 | 0.12 |
Relationship status; single/divorced/separated/widowed | 7.00 | 2.76 | 0.01 | −5.48 | 1.09 | <0.001 |
Highest education; high school | 5.48 | 2.22 | 0.01 | −2.36 | 0.95 | 0.01 |
Officiating experience (ref: 0–5 years) | ||||||
6–9 years | −7.15 | 3.34 | 0.03 | 1.70 | 1.41 | 0.23 |
≥10 years | −4.43 | 2.94 | 0.13 | 0.65 | 1.15 | 0.57 |
AWS workload | −7.60 | 1.41 | <0.001 | 2.78 | 0.57 | <0.001 |
AWS control | −6.70 | 1.38 | <0.001 | 4.67 | 0.61 | <0.001 |
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Carson, F.; Dynon, N.; Santoro, J.; Kremer, P. Examining Negative Emotional Symptoms and Psychological Wellbeing of Australian Sport Officials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218265
Carson F, Dynon N, Santoro J, Kremer P. Examining Negative Emotional Symptoms and Psychological Wellbeing of Australian Sport Officials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(21):8265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218265
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarson, Fraser, Natalie Dynon, Joe Santoro, and Peter Kremer. 2020. "Examining Negative Emotional Symptoms and Psychological Wellbeing of Australian Sport Officials" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 8265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218265