The Prevalence of Insomnia and the Link between Iron Metabolism Genes Polymorphisms, TF rs1049296 C>T, TF rs3811647 G>A, TFR rs7385804 A>C, HAMP rs10421768 A>G and Sleep Disorders in Polish Individuals with ASD
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Genotyping
2.3. Sleep Difficulties
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. The Prevalence of Insomnia
3.2. The Frequency of Iron Metabolism Genes Polymorphisms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polymorphism | ASD (n = 61) | Non-ASD (n = 57) | p (1) | χ2 (df) | p (2) | OR (95% CI) | ASD + Insomnia (n = 32) | ASD + Non-Insomnia (n = 24) | p (1) | χ2 (df) | p (2) | OR (95% CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TF rs1049296 C>T | ||||||||||||||||||
Genotype, n(%) | ||||||||||||||||||
T/T | 0 | (0.00) | 1 | (1.75) | 0 | (0.00) | 0 | (0.00) | ||||||||||
C/T | 20 | (32.79) | 13 | (22.81) | NA | NA | – | – | 10 | (31.25) | 8 | (33.33) | NA | NA | – | – | ||
C/C | 41 | (67.21) | 43 | (75.44) | 22 | (68.75) | 16 | (66.67) | ||||||||||
Allele, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
T | 20 | (16.39) | 15 | (13.16) | – | – | 0.5832 | 1.29 | (0.61–2.69) | 10 | (15.62) | 8 | (16.67) | – | – | >0.9999 | 0.93 | (0.36–2.63) |
C | 102 | (83.61) | 99 | (86.84) | – | – | – | 1.00 | 54 | (84.38) | 40 | (83.33) | – | – | – | 1.00 | ||
TF rs3811647 G>A | ||||||||||||||||||
Genotype, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
A/A | 5 | (8.20) | 6 | (10.53) | 3 | (9.37) | 2 | (8.33) | ||||||||||
G/A | 34 | (55.74) | 26 | (45.61) | 0.5447 | 1.2150 (2) | – | – | 17 | (53.13) | 14 | (58.34) | 0.9275 | 0.1505 (2) | – | – | ||
G/G | 22 | (36.06) | 25 | (43.86) | 12 | (37.50) | 8 | (33.33) | ||||||||||
Allele, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
A | 44 | (36.07) | 38 | (33.33) | – | – | 0.6834 | 1.13 | (0.67–1.92) | 23 | (35.94) | 18 | (37.50) | – | – | >0.9999 | 0.94 | (0.43–2.09) |
G | 78 | (63.93) | 76 | (66.67) | – | – | – | 1.00 | 41 | (64.06) | 30 | (62.50) | – | – | – | 1.00 | ||
TFR rs7385804 A>C | ||||||||||||||||||
Genotype, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
C/C | 10 | (16.39) | 16 | (28.07) | 7 | (21.87) | 3 | (12.50) | ||||||||||
A/C | 29 | (47.54) | 25 | (43.86) | 0.2871 | 2.4960 (2) | – | – | 13 | (40.63) | 12 | (50.00) | 0.6234 | 0.9450 (2) | – | – | ||
A/A | 22 | (36.07) | 16 | (28.07) | 12 | (37.50) | 9 | (37.50) | ||||||||||
Allele, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
C | 49 | (40.16) | 57 | (50.00) | – | – | 0.1502 | 0.67 | (0.40–1.12) | 27 | (42.19) | 18 | (37.50) | – | – | 0.6983 | 1.22 | (0.57–2.68) |
A | 73 | (59.84) | 57 | (50.00) | – | – | – | 1.00 | 37 | (57.81) | 30 | (62.50) | – | – | – | 1.00 | ||
HAMP rs10421768 A>G | ||||||||||||||||||
Genotype, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
G/G | 4 | (6.56) | 1 | (1.75) | 3 | (9.37) | 1 | (4.17) | ||||||||||
A/G | 23 | (37.70) | 17 | (29.82) | 0.2334 | 2.9100 (2) | – | – | 10 | (31.25) | 8 | (33.33) | 0.7553 | 0.5614 (2) | – | – | ||
A/A | 34 | (55.74) | 39 | (68.43) | 19 | (59.38) | 15 | (62.50) | ||||||||||
Allele, n (%) | ||||||||||||||||||
G | 31 | (25.41) | 19 | (16.67) | – | – | 0.1126 | 1.70 | (0.92–3.18) | 16 | (25.00) | 10 | (20.83) | – | – | 0.6567 | 1.27 | (0.51–3.21) |
A | 91 | (74.59) | 95 | (83.33) | – | – | – | 1.00 | 48 | (75.00) | 38 | (79.17) | – | – | – | 1.00 |
Polymorphism | ASD (n = 61), n (%) | Non-ASD (n = 57), n (%) | p | OR (95% CI) | ASD + Insomnia (n = 32), n(%) | ASD + Non-Insomnia (n = 24), n(%) | p | OR (95% CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TF rs1049296 C>T | ||||||||||||||
Genetic model | ||||||||||||||
Co-dominant | ||||||||||||||
T/T | 0 | (0.00) | 1 | (2.27) | >0.9999 | 0.00 | (0.00–9.66) | 0 | (0.00) | 0 | (0.00) | NA | NA | |
C/C | 41 | (100.00) | 43 | (97.73) | – | 1.00 | 22 | (100.00) | 16 | 100.00) | – | – | ||
C/T | 20 | (32.79) | 13 | (23.21) | 0.3057 | 1.61 | (0.69–3.75) | 10 | (31.25) | 8 | (33.33) | >0.9999 | 0.91 | (0.28–2.59) |
C/C | 41 | (67.21) | 43 | (76.79) | – | 1.00 | 22 | (68.75) | 16 | (66.67) | – | 1.00 | ||
Dominant | ||||||||||||||
T/T+C/T | 20 | (32.79) | 14 | (24.56) | 0.4164 | 1.50 | (0.65–3.35) | 10 | (31.25) | 8 | (33.33) | >0.9999 | 0.91 | (0.28–2.59) |
C/C | 41 | (67.21) | 43 | (75.44) | – | 1.00 | 22 | (68.75) | 16 | (66.67) | – | 1.00 | ||
Recessive | ||||||||||||||
T/T | 0 | (0.00) | 1 | (1.75) | 0.4831 | 0 | (0.00–8.41) | 0 | (0.00) | 0 | (0.00) | NA | NA | |
C/T+C/C | 61 | (100.00) | 56 | (98.25) | – | 1.00 | 32 | (100.00) | 24 | (100.00) | – | – | ||
Over-dominant | ||||||||||||||
C/T | 20 | (32.79) | 13 | (22.81) | 0.3050 | 1.65 | (0.71–3.83) | 10 | (31.25) | 8 | (33.33) | >0.9999 | 0.91 | (0.28–2.59) |
T/T+C/C | 41 | (67.21) | 44 | (77.19) | – | 1.00 | 22 | (68.75) | 16 | (66.67) | – | 1.00 | ||
TF rs3811647 G>A | ||||||||||||||
Genetic model | ||||||||||||||
Co-dominant | ||||||||||||||
A/A | 5 | (18.52) | 6 | (19.35) | >0.9999 | 0.95 | (0.27–3.26) | 3 | (20.00) | 2 | (20.00) | >0.9999 | 1.00 | (0.17–6.62) |
G/G | 22 | (81.48) | 25 | (80.65) | – | 1.00 | 12 | (80.00) | 8 | (80.00) | – | 1.00 | ||
G/A | 34 | (60.71) | 26 | (50.98) | 0.3354 | 1.49 | (0.70–3.25) | 17 | (58.62) | 14 | (63.64) | 0.7780 | 0.81 | (0.28–2.61) |
G/G | 22 | (39.29) | 25 | (49.02) | – | 1.00 | 12 | (41.38) | 8 | (36.36) | – | 1.00 | ||
Dominant | ||||||||||||||
A/A+G/A | 39 | (63.93) | 32 | (56.14) | 0.4532 | 1.39 | (0.68–2.86) | 20 | (62.50) | 16 | (66.67) | 0.7853 | 0.83 | (0.30–2.51) |
G/G | 22 | (36.07) | 25 | (43.86) | – | 1.00 | 12 | (37.50) | 8 | (33.33) | – | 1.00 | ||
Recessive | ||||||||||||||
A/A | 5 | (8.20) | 6 | (10.53) | 0.7570 | 0.76 | (0.24–2.83) | 3 | (9.37) | 2 | (8.33) | >0.9999 | 1.14 | (0.22–6.82) |
G/A+G/G | 56 | (91.80) | 51 | (89.47) | – | 1.00 | 29 | (90.63) | 22 | (91.67) | – | 1.00 | ||
Over-dominant | ||||||||||||||
G/A | 34 | (55.74) | 26 | (45.61) | 0.3570 | 1.5 | (0.71–3.02) | 17 | (53.13) | 14 | (58.33) | 0.7889 | 0.81 | (0.28–2.26) |
A/A+G/G | 27 | (44.26) | 31 | (54.39) | – | 1.00 | 15 | (46.87) | 10 | (41.67) | – | 1.00 | ||
TFR rs7385804 A>C | ||||||||||||||
Genetic model | ||||||||||||||
Co-dominant | ||||||||||||||
C/C | 10 | (31.25) | 16 | (50.00) | 0.2028 | 0.46 | (0.17–1.29) | 7 | (36.84) | 3 | (25.00) | 0.6972 | 1.75 | (0.38–7.46) |
A/A | 22 | (68.75) | 16 | (50.00) | – | 1.00 | 12 | (63.16) | 9 | (75.00) | 1.00 | |||
A/C | 29 | (56.86) | 25 | (60.98) | 0.8316 | 0.84 | (0.36–1.90) | 13 | (52.00) | 12 | (57.14) | 0.7736 | 0.81 | (0.27–2.82) |
A/A | 22 | (43.14) | 16 | (39.02) | – | 1.00 | 12 | (48.00) | 9 | (42.86) | – | 1.00 | ||
Dominant | ||||||||||||||
C/C+A/C | 39 | (63.93) | 41 | (71.93) | 0.4314 | 0.69 | (0.33–1.51) | 20 | (62.50) | 15 | (62.50) | >0.9999 | 1.00 | (0.32–2.96) |
A/A | 22 | (36.07) | 16 | (28.07) | – | 1.00 | 12 | (37.50) | 9 | (37.50) | – | 1.00 | ||
Recessive | ||||||||||||||
C/C | 10 | (16.39) | 16 | (28.07) | 0.1819 | 0.50 | (0.20–1.23) | 7 | (21.87) | 3 | (12.50) | 0.4892 | 1.96 | (0.43–7.57) |
A/C+A/A | 51 | (83.61) | 41 | (71.93) | – | 1.00 | 25 | (78.13) | 21 | (87.50) | – | 1.00 | ||
Over-dominant | ||||||||||||||
A/C | 29 | (47.54) | 25 | (43.86) | 0.7150 | 1.16 | (0.55–2.32) | 13 | (40.62) | 12 | (50.00) | 0.5899 | 0.68 | (0.24–1.93) |
C/C+A/A | 32 | (52.46) | 32 | (56.14) | – | 1.00 | 19 | (59.38) | 12 | (50.00) | – | 1.00 | ||
HAMP rs10421768 A>G | ||||||||||||||
Genetic model | ||||||||||||||
Co-dominant | ||||||||||||||
G/G | 4 | (10.53) | 1 | (2.50) | 0.1948 | 4.59 | (0.69–57.36) | 3 | (13.64) | 1 | (6.25) | 0.6245 | 2.37 | (0.32–32.56) |
A/A | 34 | (89.47) | 39 | (97.50) | – | 1.00 | 19 | (86.36) | 15 | (93.75) | – | 1.00 | ||
A/G | 23 | (40.35) | 17 | (30.36) | 0.3265 | 1.55 | (0.72–3.26) | 10 | (34.48) | 8 | (34.78) | >0.9999 | 0.99 | (0.29–2.88) |
A/A | 34 | (59.65) | 39 | (69.64) | – | 1.00 | 19 | (65.52) | 15 | (65.22) | – | 1.00 | ||
Dominant | ||||||||||||||
G/G+A/G | 27 | (44.26) | 18 | (31.58) | 0.1863 | 1.72 | (0.84–3.71) | 13 | (40.62) | 9 | (37.50) | >0.9999 | 1.14 | (0.39–3.56) |
A/A | 34 | (55.74) | 39 | (68.42) | – | 1.00 | 19 | (59.38) | 15 | (62.50) | – | 1.00 | ||
Recessive | ||||||||||||||
G/G | 4 | (6.56) | 1 | (1.75) | 0.3657 | 3.93 | (0.61–48.83) | 3 | (9.37) | 1 | (4.17) | 0.6273 | 2.38 | (0.33–32.08) |
A/G+A/A | 57 | (93.44) | 56 | (98.25) | – | 1.00 | 29 | (90.63) | 23 | (95.83) | – | 1.00 | ||
Over-dominant | ||||||||||||||
A/G | 23 | (37.70) | 17 | (29.82) | 0.4377 | 1.42 | (0.67–3.17) | 10 | (31.25) | 8 | (33.33) | >0.9999 | 0.91 | (0.28–2.59) |
G/G+A/A | 38 | (62.30) | 40 | (70.18) | – | 1.00 | 22 | (68.75) | 16 | (66.67) | – | 1.00 |
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Skonieczna-Żydecka, K.; Jamioł-Milc, D.; Borecki, K.; Stachowska, E.; Zabielska, P.; Kamińska, M.; Karakiewicz, B. The Prevalence of Insomnia and the Link between Iron Metabolism Genes Polymorphisms, TF rs1049296 C>T, TF rs3811647 G>A, TFR rs7385804 A>C, HAMP rs10421768 A>G and Sleep Disorders in Polish Individuals with ASD. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020400
Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Jamioł-Milc D, Borecki K, Stachowska E, Zabielska P, Kamińska M, Karakiewicz B. The Prevalence of Insomnia and the Link between Iron Metabolism Genes Polymorphisms, TF rs1049296 C>T, TF rs3811647 G>A, TFR rs7385804 A>C, HAMP rs10421768 A>G and Sleep Disorders in Polish Individuals with ASD. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(2):400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020400
Chicago/Turabian StyleSkonieczna-Żydecka, Karolina, Dominika Jamioł-Milc, Krzysztof Borecki, Ewa Stachowska, Paulina Zabielska, Magdalena Kamińska, and Beata Karakiewicz. 2020. "The Prevalence of Insomnia and the Link between Iron Metabolism Genes Polymorphisms, TF rs1049296 C>T, TF rs3811647 G>A, TFR rs7385804 A>C, HAMP rs10421768 A>G and Sleep Disorders in Polish Individuals with ASD" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 400. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020400