1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Knowledge of Alcohol as a Carcinogen
2.3.2. Support for Alcohol Policies
2.3.3. Socio-Demographics
2.3.4. Other Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Associations Between Knowledge of Alcohol as a Carcinogen and Support for Alcohol Policies
3.2. Associations between Increases in Knowledge of Alcohol as A Carcinogen and Alcohol Policies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Knowledge of Alcohol as a Carcinogen | ||
---|---|---|
Characteristic | Not Caused by Alcohol (N = 1177) | Caused by Alcohol (N = 553) |
N (%) | N (%) | |
Wave of initial recruitment *** | ||
1 | 390 (33.14) | 127 (22.97) |
2 | 516 (43.84) | 295 (53.35) |
3 | 271 (23.02) | 131 (23.69) |
Site * | ||
Intervention | 697 (59.22) | 359 (64.92) |
Comparison | 480 (40.78) | 194 (35.08) |
Age [Mean (SD)] | 44.82 (14.32) | 44.65 (14.53) |
Age Categories | ||
19–24 | 92 (7.82) | 45 (8.14) |
25–44 | 480 (40.78) | 228 (41.23) |
45+ | 605 (51.40) | 280 (50.63) |
Ethnicity | ||
White | 799 (67.88) | 386 (69.80) |
Aboriginal | 225 (19.12) | 104 (18.81) |
Other | 153 (13.00) | 63 (11.39) |
Sex ** | ||
Male | 622 (52.85) | 255 (46.11) |
Female | 555 (47.15) | 298 (53.89) |
Education Levels *** | ||
Low (Completed high school or less) | 241 (20.48) | 88 (15.91) |
Medium (Trades or college certificate, some university or university certificate below Bachelor) | 420 (35.68) | 171 (30.92) |
High (Bachelor degree or higher) | 445 (37.81) | 266 (48.10) |
Unknown (DK, PNS, Missing) | 71 (6.03) | 28 (5.06) |
Income Levels | ||
Low (<$30,000) | 138 (11.72) | 76 (13.74) |
Medium ($30,000 to <$60,000) | 188 (15.97) | 85 (15.37) |
High (≥$60,000) | 713 (60.58) | 341 (61.66) |
Unknown (DK, PNS, Missing) | 138 (11.72) | 51 (9.22) |
Alcohol Use * | ||
Low risk volume ≤ 10 for females/15 for males per week | 866 (73.58) | 402 (72.69) |
Risky volume 11–19/16–29 per week | 74 (6.29) | 44 (7.96) |
High risk volume ≥ 20/30 per week | 114 (9.69) | 70 (12.66) |
Unknown (DK, PNS, Missing) | 123 (10.45) | 37 (6.69) |
Health Literacy Levels ** | ||
Limited literacy (score ≤ 1) | 364 (30.93) | 129 (23.33) |
Possibility of limited literacy (score 2–3) | 210 (17.84) | 123 (22.24) |
Adequate literacy (score 4–6) | 527 (44.7) | 266 (48.10) |
Unknown (DK, PNS, Missing) | 76 (6.46) | 35 (6.33) |
Variable | Availability (N = 1680) | Pricing (N = 1681) | Marketing (N = 1677) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | N (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | N | N (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | N | N (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | |
Knowledge of alcohol as a carcinogen | |||||||||
Not caused by alcohol | 1055 | 278 (26.35) | 1.00 (ref) | 1056 | 277 (26.23) | 1.00 (ref) | 1056 | 767 (72.63) | 1.00 (ref) |
Caused by alcohol | 625 | 232 (37.12) | 1.62 (1.30, 2.01) | 625 | 254 (40.64) | 1.87 (1.51, 2.32) | 621 | 499 (80.35) | 1.44 (1.12, 1.99) |
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 847 | 229 (27.04) | 1.00 (ref) | 847 | 254 (29.99) | 1.00 (ref) | 841 | 602 (71.58) | 1.00 (ref) |
Female | 833 | 281 (33.73) | 1.31 (1.06, 1.63) | 834 | 277 (33.21) | 1.09 (0.88, 1.35) | 836 | 664 (79.43) | 1.51 (1.20, 1.92) |
Age | |||||||||
19–24 | 128 | 24 (18.75) | 1.00 (ref) | 127 | 30 (23.62) | 1.00 (ref) | 127 | 72 (56.69) | 1.00 (ref) |
25–44 | 676 | 192 (28.40) | 1.61 (0.99, 2.62) | 675 | 223 (33.04) | 1.43 (0.91, 2.25) | 676 | 497 (73.52) | 1.80 (1.19, 2.71) |
45+ | 876 | 294 (33.56) | 2.06 (1.27, 3.33) | 879 | 278 (31.63) | 1.38 (0.88, 2.17) | 874 | 697 (79.75) | 2.41 (1.60, 3.63) |
Education Level | |||||||||
Low | 317 | 93 (29.34) | 1.00 (ref) | 319 | 83 (26.02) | 1.00 (ref) | 320 | 205 (64.06) | 1.00 (ref) |
Medium | 585 | 151 (25.81) | 0.80 (0.58, 1.10) | 584 | 157 (26.88) | 1.03 (0.74, 1.43) | 583 | 424 (72.73) | 1.15 (0.84,1.57) |
High | 705 | 244 (34.61) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) | 704 | 271 (38.49) | 1.59 (1.15, 2.20) | 704 | 593 (84.23) | 1.84 (1.30, 2.59) |
Unknown | 73 | 22 (30.14) | 0.96 (0.54, 1.72) | 74 | 20 (27.03) | 0.97 (0.54, 1.75) | 70 | 44 (62.86) | 1.11 (0.63, 1.96) |
Alcohol Use | |||||||||
Low Risk volume | 1234 | 381 (30.88) | 1.00 (ref) | 1234 | 409 (33.14) | 1.00 (ref) | 1232 | 969 (78.65) | 1.00 (ref) |
Risky volume | 126 | 34 (26.98) | 0.82 (0.54, 1.26) | 126 | 27 (21.43) | 0.55 (0.35, 0.86) | 125 | 95 (76.00) | 0.97 (0.62,1.53) |
High Risk volume | 186 | 53 (28.49) | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) | 186 | 58 (31.18) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.38) | 184 | 124 (67.39) | 0.74 (0.52,1.06) |
Unknown | 134 | 42 (31.34) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) | 135 | 37 (27.41) | 0.91 (0.60, 1.40) | 136 | 78 (57.35) | 0.55 (0.37, 0.82) |
Site | |||||||||
Comparison | 643 | 162 (25.19) | 1.00 (ref) | 642 | 197 (30.69) | 1.00 (ref) | 641 | 451 (70.36) | 1.00 (ref) |
Intervention | 1037 | 348 (33.56) | 1.36 (1.08,1.72) | 1039 | 334 (32.15) | 1.02 (0.82,1.28) | 1036 | 815 (78.67) | 1.26 (0.99, 1.60) |
Wave | |||||||||
2 | 512 | 140 (27.34) | 1.00 (ref) | 517 | 155 (29.98) | 1.00 (ref) | 510 | 350 (68.63) | 1.00 (ref) |
3 | 1168 | 370 (31.68) | 1.07 (0.84, 1.36) | 1164 | 376 (32.30) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.21) | 1167 | 916 (78.49) | 1.25 (0.97, 1.60) |
Increase in Knowledge | Availability (N = 433 1) | Pricing (N = 431 1) | Marketing (N= 430 1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | N (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 2 | N | N (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 2 | N | N (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 2 | |
No | 345 | 87 (25.22) | 1.00 (ref) | 344 | 91 (26.45) | 1.00 (ref) | 343 | 260 (75.80) | 1.00 (ref) |
Yes | 88 | 24 (27.27) | 1.15 (0.66, 1.99) | 87 | 34 (39.08) | 1.86 (1.11, 3.12) | 87 | 71 (81.61) | 1.40 (0.73, 2.71) |
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