Association between Non-Restorative Sleep and Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Method
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Non-Restorative Sleep
2.2.2. Quality of Life
2.2.3. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.2.4. Lifestyle
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic and Lifestyle Characteristics
3.2. NRS and QOL
3.3. Impact of NRS on QOL
3.4. Factors Associated with Overall QOL
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Mean ± SD/n (%) |
---|---|
Sociodemographic characteristics | |
Age (years, 10 missing, 0.4%) | 15.24 ± 1.59 |
Gender (74 missing, 2.6%) | |
Female | 1565 (55.4) |
Male | 1188 (42.0) |
Medical conditions (100 missing, 3.5%) | |
Yes | 909 (32.2) |
No | 1818 (64.3) |
Father’s educational levels (92 missing, 3.3%) | |
Primary school or below | 312 (11.0) |
Secondary school/diploma/associate degree | 1590 (56.2) |
Tertiary or above | 559 (19.8) |
Not applicable | 274 (9.7) |
Mother’s educational levels (74 missing, 2.6%) | |
Primary school or below | 343 (12.1) |
Secondary school /diploma/associate degree | 1710 (60.5) |
Tertiary or above | 475 (16.8) |
Not applicable | 225 (8.0) |
Father’s occupation (93 missing, 3.3%) | |
Employed | 1728 (61.1) |
Self-employed | 241 (8.5) |
Employer | 220 (7.8) |
Housekeeping | 52 (1.8) |
Job-seeking | 57 (2.0) |
Retired | 105 (3.7) |
Student | 1 (0.1) |
Not applicable | 330 (11.7) |
Mother’s occupation (76 missing, 2.7%) | |
Employed | 1337 (47.3) |
Self-employed | 96 (3.4) |
Employer | 84 (3.0) |
Housekeeping | 1004 (35.5) |
Job-seeking | 34 (1.2) |
Retired | 9 (0.3) |
Student | 1 (0.1) |
Not applicable | 186 (6.6) |
Lifestyle characteristics | |
Weekly aerobic exercises (hours, 122 missing, 4.3%) | 2.90 ± 3.15 |
Smoking (15 missing, 0.5%) | |
Never | 2733 (96.7) |
Former smoker | 57 (2.0) |
Current smoker | 22(0.8) |
Alcohol drinking (16 missing, 0.6%) | |
Never | 2431(86.0) |
Former drinker | 56(2.0) |
Current drinker | 324(11.5) |
Items | Mean ± SD |
---|---|
Non-restorative sleep (range: 0–10, 69 missing, 2.4%) | 4.75 ± 2.30 |
Domains (range: 4–20) | |
Physical health (7 missing, 0.25%) | 14.33 ± 2.37 |
Psychological (6 missing, 0.21%) | 13.47 ± 2.81 |
Social relationships (5 missing, 0.18%) | 13.82 ± 2.95 |
Environment (1 missing, 0.04%) | 13.71 ± 2.60 |
Overall QOL (17 missing, 0.60%) | 13.83 ± 2.30 |
Domains | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Estimate | 95% CI | p | n | Estimate | 95% CI | p | |
Physical health | 2751 | −0.44 | −0.48 to −0.41 | <0.001 | 2445 | −0.42 | −0.46 to −0.39 | <0.001 |
Psychological | 2753 | −0.48 | −0.52 to −0.43 | <0.001 | 2451 | −0.46 | −0.50 to −0.41 | <0.001 |
Social relationships | 2754 | −0.25 | −0.30 to −0.21 | <0.001 | 2449 | −0.25 | −0.30 to −0.20 | <0.001 |
Environment | 2757 | −0.37 | −0.41 to −0.33 | <0.001 | 2452 | −0.35 | −0.39 to −0.31 | <0.001 |
Overall QOL | 2743 | −0.39 | −0.42 to −0.36 | <0.001 | 2441 | −0.37 | −0.41 to −0.34 | <0.001 |
Variable | Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | p | Estimate | 95% CI | p | |
Non-restorative sleep (range: 0–10, n a = 2743) | −0.39 | −0.42 to −0.36 | <0.001 | −0.37 | −0.41 to −0.34 | <0.001 |
Age (years, n a = 2800) | −0.30 | −0.35 to −0.24 | <0.001 | −0.20 | −0.25 to −0.15 | <0.001 |
Gender (ref. Male, n a = 2736) | ||||||
Female | −0.08 | −0.27 to 0.10 | 0.377 | −0.03 | −0.20 to 0.13 | 0.688 |
Medical conditions (ref. Yes, n a = 2711) | ||||||
No | 0.53 | 0.35 to 0.71 | <0.001 | 0.45 | 0.29 to 0.62 | <0.001 |
Father’s education b (ref. Primary school or below/not applicable, n a = 2720) | ||||||
Secondary school/diploma/associate degree | 0.41 | 0.20 to 0.63 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 0.02 to 0.44 | 0.036 |
Tertiary or above | 0.60 | 0.32 to 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.41 | 0.15 to 0.67 | 0.003 |
Mother’s education b (ref. Primary school or below/not applicable, n a = 2739) | ||||||
Secondary school/diploma/associate degree | 0.33 | 0.11 to 0.55 | 0.004 | 0.12 | −0.09 to 0.33 | 0.253 |
Tertiary or above | 0.43 | 0.14 to 0.73 | 0.004 | 0.31 | 0.04 to 0.59 | 0.026 |
Father’s occupation (ref. Working c, n a = 2721) | ||||||
Non-working d | −0.48 | −0.70 to −0.27 | <0.001 | −0.35 | −0.55 to −0.14 | <0.001 |
Mother’s occupation (ref. Working c, n a = 2736) | ||||||
Non-working d | −0.02 | −0.20 to 0.15 | 0.798 | −0.02 | −0.18 to 0.14 | 0.845 |
Weekly aerobic exercises (hours, n a = 2691) | 0.06 | 0.04 to 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.02 to 0.08 | <0.001 |
Smoking (ref. Never, n a = 2796) | ||||||
Former smoker | −0.84 | −1.45 to −0.23 | 0.007 | −0.50 | −1.15 to 0.14 | 0.127 |
Current smoker | −1.66 | −2.62 to −0.71 | <0.001 | −2.31 | −3.70 to −0.92 | 0.001 |
Alcohol consumption (ref. Never, n a = 2795) | ||||||
Former drinker | −1.13 | −1.74 to −0.53 | <0.001 | −0.77 | −1.39 to −0.14 | 0.017 |
Current drinker | −0.41 | −0.68 to −0.15 | 0.002 | −0.03 | -0.29 to 0.24 | 0.852 |
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Chen, N.; Fong, D.Y.T.; Li, S.; Wong, J.Y.H. Association between Non-Restorative Sleep and Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197249
Chen N, Fong DYT, Li S, Wong JYH. Association between Non-Restorative Sleep and Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197249
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Ningjing, Daniel Yee Tak Fong, Sha Li, and Janet Yuen Ha Wong. 2020. "Association between Non-Restorative Sleep and Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197249