Body Composition and a School Day Hydration State among Polish Children—A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Assessment of Nutritional Status
2.2. Hydration Status
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Total (%) N = 264 | Village (%) n = 142 | Town (%) n = 122 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||
Boys | 54.2 | 53.9 | 53.7 | NS a |
Girls | 45.8 | 46.1 | 46.3 | |
Age | ||||
7–9 | 44.3 | 44.0 | 45.5 | NS a |
10–14 | 55.7 | 56.0 | 54.5 | |
Mother’s Education | ||||
Primary | 0.4 | 0.7 | - | |
Vocational | 10.0 | 10.1 | 9.3 | |
Secondary | 30.5 | 30.9 | 29.7 | NS b |
Higher | 59.1 | 58.3 | 61.0 | |
Father’s Education | ||||
Primary | 0.4 | 0.7 | - | |
Vocational | 22.4 | 29.7 | 13.9 | |
Secondary | 31.9 | 31.9 | 32.2 | <0.01 b |
Higher | 45.3 | 37.7 | 53.9 |
Parameters | Total | Boys | Girls | p Value | Town | Village | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 10.10 (7.03–14.03) | 10.10 (7.03–13.77) | 10.15 (7.83–14.03) | NS | 10.09 (7.03–13.98) | 10.11 (7.48–14.03) | NS |
Weight [kg] | 35.00 (20.30–70.80) | 34.50 (21.89–70.80) | 36.00 (20.30–59.00) | NS | 33.40 (20.30–64.30) | 37.00 (21.80–70.80) | <0.05 |
Height [cm] | 1.42 (1.20–1.75) | 1.41 (1.20–1.73) | 1.44 (1.21–1.75) | NS | 1.42 (1.20–1.72) | 1.44 (1.20–1.75) | NS |
BMI [kg/m2] | 17.20 (12.57–30.54) | 17.26 (12.20–28) | 17.04 (12.57–30.54) | NS | 16.65 (13.20–26.09) | 17.97 (12.57–30.54) | <0.05 |
BMI-z score | −0.03 (−1.60–4.59) | −0.12 (−1.60–3.15) | 0.02 (−1.52–4.59) | NS | −0.25 (−1.60–2.82) | 0.11 (−1.52–4.59) | <0.05 |
Waist (cm) | 61.00 (48.00–92.00) | 61.00 (48.00–92.00) | 60.00 (48.00–86.00) | NS | 60.00 (50.00–83.00) | 63.00 (48.00–92.00) | <0.01 |
WHtR | 0.43 (0.35–0.62) | 0.43 (0.37–0.62) | 0.42 (0.35–0.60) | <0.05 | 0.42 (0.36–0.59) | 0.43 (0.35–0.62) | <0.05 |
Fat mass [kg] | 7.35 (3.40–27.50) | 6.60 (3.40–27.50) | 8.30 (3.40–25.30) | <0.05 | 6.40 (3.40–19.80) | 8.40 (3.60–27.50) | <0.05 |
BF% | 21.47 (11.60–42.88) | 19.23 (11.60–42.77) | 22.93 (14.73–42.88) | <0.01 | 19.44 (11.60–37.50) | 22.93 (13.51–42.88) | <0.01 |
Fat-Free Mass [kg] | 27.60 (6.00–50.60) | 27.50 (6.00–50.60) | 27.90 (16.50–44.90) | <0.01 | 27.75 (6.00–46.50) | 27.20 (11.20–50.30) | NS |
Total Body Water [kg] | 23.50 (12.70–39.00) | 23.60 (13.10–39.00) | 23.20 (12.70–33.00) | NS | 23.45 (12.70–36.70) | 23.30 (12.70–38.80) | NS |
Total Body Water [% of body weight] | 63.33 (40.90–83.62) | 66.57 (42.12–83.62) | 60.82 (40.90–78.64) | <0.01 | 65.69 (46.5–83.62) | 59.62 (40.90–83.28) | <0.01 |
Parameters | Total | Proper hydration (A) | Mild Dehydration (B) | Severe Dehydration (C) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 10.10 (7.03–14.03) | 10.00 (7.00–14.00) | 9.00 (7.00−14.00) | 10.00 (7.00–13.00) | NS |
Weight [kg] | 35.00 (20.30–70.80) | 34.65 (20.60–67.00) | 34.90 (20.30–68.70) | 38.40 (21.80–70.80) | NS |
Height [cm] | 1.42 (1.20–1.75) | 1.43 (1.20–1.75) | 1.43 (1.20–1.73) | 1.44 (1.23–1.68) | NS |
BMI [kg/m2] | 17.20 (12.57–30.54) | 17.03 (12.57–30.54) | 16.99 (13.14–28.96) | 18.72 (12.81–25.43) | NS |
BMI-z score | −0.03 (−1.60–4.59) | −0.18 (−1.52–4.59) C | 0.01 (−1.60–3.15) | 0.28 (−1.43–2.82) A | <0.05 |
Waist (cm) | 61.00 (48.00–92.00) | 60.00 (48.00–85.00) | 60.00 (48.00–92.00) | 62.00 (48.00–88.00) | NS |
WHtR | 0.43 (0.35–0.62) | 0.43 (0.35–0.59) | 0.43 (0.37–0.62) | 0.44 (0.37–0.60) | NS |
Fat mass [kg] | 7.35 (3.40–27.50) | 7.25 (0.80–24.50) C | 7.45 (1.10–23.40) | 9.20 (3.40–24.50) A | <0.05 |
BF % | 21.47 (11.60–42.88) | 20.80 (13.74–42.88) | 21.96 (11.60–42.77) | 22.77 (13.36–42.88) | <0.05 |
Fat-Free Mass [kg] | 27.60 (6.00–50.60) | 28.40 (6.00–45.10) | 27.20 (11.20–50.60) | 28.30 (18.10–50.30) | NS |
Total Body Water [kg] | 23.50 (12.70–39.00) | 23.80 (12.70–35.90) | 22.35 (13.10–39.00) | 23.60 (13.18–33.80) | NS |
Total Body Water [% of body weight] | 63.33 (40.90–83.62) | 64.45 (46.27–82.62) C | 63.07 (42.12–83.62) | 59.09 (40.90–75.00) A | <0.05 |
Level of urine osmolality [mOsm/kgH2O] | 825.00 (82.00–1404.00) | 551.5 (82.00–800.00) B,C | 914.00 (804.00–997.00) A,C | 1062.00 (1007.00–1404.00) A,B | <0.01 |
Predictors | % of Adequately Hydrated Children | % of Inadequately Hydrated Children | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Girls | 50.4 | 49.2 | NS |
Boys | 44.1 | 55.9 | |
Age | |||
7–9 | 39.3 | 60.7 | <0.05 |
10–14 | 62.9 | 49.3 | |
Place of residence | |||
Town | 52.1 | 47.9 | NS |
Village | 42.6 | 57.4 | |
Mother’s Education | |||
Vocational | 53.8 | 46.2 | NS |
Secondary | 43.0 | 57.0 | |
Higher | 47.1 | 52.9 | |
Father’s Education | |||
Vocational | 50.9 | 49.1 | NS |
secondary | 48.1 | 51.9 | |
Higher | 43.5 | 56.5 | |
Level of Physical Activities | |||
Ordinary | 45.4 | 54.6 | NS |
Extraordinary | 48.9 | 51.1 | |
BMI [kg/m2] | |||
Underweight | 52.6 | 47.4 | NS |
Normal | 48.3 | 51.7 | |
Overweight | 44.0 | 56.0 | |
Obesity | 31.6 | 68.4 | |
BMI-z score | |||
Underweight | 33.3 | 66.7 | NS |
Normal | 49.0 | 51.0 | |
Overweight | 39.5 | 60.5 | |
Obesity | 37.5 | 62.5 | |
WHtR | |||
Proper | 47,8 | 52.2 | NS |
Visceral obesity | 40.6 | 59.4 | |
BF% | |||
Normal | 53.4 | 46.6 | <0.05 |
Overfat | 33.3 | 66.7 |
Outcome | Predictor Variables | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dehydration | Age (10–14) | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.28–0.99 |
BF% (Overfat) | 2.29 | 2.39 | 1.15–4.94 |
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Kozioł-Kozakowska, A.; Piórecka, B.; Suder, A.; Jagielski, P. Body Composition and a School Day Hydration State among Polish Children—A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197181
Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Piórecka B, Suder A, Jagielski P. Body Composition and a School Day Hydration State among Polish Children—A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197181
Chicago/Turabian StyleKozioł-Kozakowska, Agnieszka, Beata Piórecka, Agnieszka Suder, and Paweł Jagielski. 2020. "Body Composition and a School Day Hydration State among Polish Children—A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7181. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197181