Association between Maternal Postpartum Depression, Stress, Optimism, and Breastfeeding Pattern in the First Six Months
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants Collection
2.2. Socioeconomical Variables and Breastfeeding Period
2.3. Infant Feeding Practices
2.4. Psychological and Breastfeeding Adherence Instruments
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Socioeconomic Factors and Infant Feeding Practices
3.2. Maternal Psychological Factors Related to Infant Feeding Practices
3.3. Breastfeeding Adherence score (BAS) and Psychological Factors
3.4. Breastfeeding Adherence score and Infant Feeding Practices
4. Discussion
Study Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EBF (n = 558) | MBF (n = 153) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (years) | 33.0 [30.0; 36.0] | 33.0 [29.0; 36.0] | 0.93 |
Primiparous | 36.7% (205) | 43.3% (65) | 0.009 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.3 [38.3; 40.4] | 39.0 [38.0; 39.8] | <0.001 |
Origin | <0.001 | ||
European | 74.0% (413) | 57.3% (86) | |
North American | 16.3% (91) | 27.3% (41) | |
South American | 8.2% (46) | 12.7% (19) | |
Asian | 0.2% (1) | 0.7% (1) | |
Educational level | 0.65 | ||
Middle school | 9.9% (55) | 11.3% (17) | |
High school | 17.2% (96) | 19.3% (29) | |
University degree | 72.9% (407) | 68.0% (102) | |
Work situation | 0.69 | ||
Studying | 1.6% (9) | 1.3% (2) | |
Working | 74.9% (418) | 72.0% (108) | |
Unemployment | 23.3% (130) | 26.7% (40) | |
Family core | 0.33 | ||
Single-parent | 12.5% (70) | 16.0% (24) | |
Two-parents | 87.5% (488) | 84.0% (126) | |
Number of family members | 4 [3; 4] | 3 [3; 4] | 0.11 |
Economic status | 0.96 | ||
No-income | 2.3% (13) | 2.7% (4) | |
< 1000 € | 8.4% (47) | 9.3% (14) | |
1000–2500 € | 45.5% (254) | 42.7% (64) | |
2501–4000 € | 33.3% (186) | 35.3% (53) | |
> 4000 € | 9.0% (50) | 9.3% (14) |
Period of Breastfeeding | PSS | EPDS | LOT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ρ | p-Value | ρ | p-Value | ρ | p-Value | |
First month (n = 96) | 0.27 | 0.018 | 0.21 | 0.05 | −0.09 | 0.43 |
Second month (n = 139) | 0.07 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.82 | −0.20 | 0.028 |
Third month (153) | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.30 | <0.001 | −0.15 | 0.07 |
Fourth month (n = 144) | 0.06 | 0.51 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.81 |
Fifth month (n = 134) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.31 | −0.01 | 0.97 |
Sixth month (n = 42) | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.81 | −0.08 | 0.70 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR 95% [CI] | p-Value | OR 95% [CI] | p-Value | OR 95% [CI] | p-Value | OR 95% [CI] | p-Value | |
BAS | 1.4 [1.2; 1.6] | <0.001 | - | - | - | - | 1.3 [1.1; 1.6] | 0.001 |
PSS | - | - | 1.5 [0.9; 2.3] | 0.09 | - | - | 1.0 [0.5; 2.0] | 0.95 |
EPDS | - | - | - | - | 1.1 [1.0; 1.1] | 0.020 | 1.1 [1.0; 1.2] | 0.19 |
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Gila-Díaz, A.; Carrillo, G.H.; López de Pablo, Á.L.; Arribas, S.M.; Ramiro-Cortijo, D. Association between Maternal Postpartum Depression, Stress, Optimism, and Breastfeeding Pattern in the First Six Months. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197153
Gila-Díaz A, Carrillo GH, López de Pablo ÁL, Arribas SM, Ramiro-Cortijo D. Association between Maternal Postpartum Depression, Stress, Optimism, and Breastfeeding Pattern in the First Six Months. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197153
Chicago/Turabian StyleGila-Díaz, Andrea, Gloria Herranz Carrillo, Ángel Luis López de Pablo, Silvia M. Arribas, and David Ramiro-Cortijo. 2020. "Association between Maternal Postpartum Depression, Stress, Optimism, and Breastfeeding Pattern in the First Six Months" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7153. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197153