Sources of and Solutions to Toxic Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Small Rural Drinking Water Systems: A Rapid Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Identify reviews that include relevant information.
- Identify grey literature that includes or synthesizes relevant information.
- Screen identified literature for relevance, emphasizing the evidence most relevant to small rural drinking water systems.
- Synthesize all relevant literature included after steps 1–3.
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Sources of Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Drinking Water
3.3. Solutions to Prevent and Correct Toxic Metals and Metalloids in Drinking Water
3.3.1. Prevention: Best Practices for Siting and Planning New Water Sources
3.3.2. Prevention: Preventing and Reducing Catchment Pollution
3.3.3. Prevention: Using Appropriate Parts and Materials
3.3.4. Prevention: Best Practices for Installation, Construction, and Maintenance
3.3.5. Prevention: Conditioning Water
3.3.6. Correction: Source Substitution/Blending
3.3.7. Correction: Treating Water
3.3.8. Correction: Correcting Existing Pollution
3.3.9. Correction: Replacing, Modifying, or Cleaning Parts
4. Discussion
4.1. Toxic Metal and Metalloid Management Framework
4.2. Limitations of the Review
4.3. Next Steps
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Keywords | Search Terms |
---|---|
Water | Water, (Drink* OR Potable) |
Source Type | tap, tap stand, piped, standpipe, spigot, hand pump, handpump, borehole, tubewell, tube well, private well |
Toxic Metals and Metalloids | toxic metal, trace metal, heavy metal, metal, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin, uranium, zinc |
Reviews | review, systematic review, literature review, meta-analysis, meta analysis, guide |
Inclusion Criteria | Discusses or reports on metals or metalloids of interest: antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, tin, uranium, zinc Discusses source of TM contamination and/or solutions for prevention/correction of contamination Relevant to a drinking water source (or a source likely to be used for drinking such as groundwater or fresh surface water documented as being a source of drinking water for human settlements) Relevant or applicable to small rural drinking water systems Subject to peer review, external review (articles); based on expert consensus/review (book chapters, reports, etc.) Written in English |
Exclusion Criteria | Duplicate Case study (descriptive study unable to be generalized because of small scale or unique sociopolitical/geographical context) Focuses exclusively on risk assessment and/or health outcomes rather than sources of and solutions to contamination Is a commentary, editorial, opinion piece, speech, news article, or minutes from a workshop or meeting Has been superseded by a later publication or edition Has been redacted to the point of being unusable Unavailable in English |
Metal/Metalloid | Potential Sources of Contamination | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Naturally Occurring | Catchment Pollution | Treatment and Distribution | ||
Industrial | Human Settlements | |||
Antimony | X | X | X | |
Arsenic | X | X | ||
Cadmium | X | X | X | |
Chromium | X | X | ||
Copper | X | X | X | |
Iron | X | X | X | |
Lead | X | X | X | |
Manganese | X | X | ||
Mercury | X | |||
Nickel | X | X | X | X |
Selenium | X | X | ||
Tin | X | X | ||
Uranium | X | X | ||
Zinc | X | X | X |
Source | Prevention | Correction |
---|---|---|
Naturally occurring | Best practices for siting and planning new water sources | Source substitution/blending Treating water |
Catchment pollution | Best practices for siting and planning new water sources Preventing and reducing catchment pollution | Correcting existing pollution Source substitution/blending Treating water |
Water treatment and distribution | Using appropriate parts and materials Best practices for installation, construction, and maintenance Conditioning water | Replacing, modifying, or cleaning parts Treating water |
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Tracy, J.W.; Guo, A.; Liang, K.; Bartram, J.; Fisher, M. Sources of and Solutions to Toxic Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Small Rural Drinking Water Systems: A Rapid Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197076
Tracy JW, Guo A, Liang K, Bartram J, Fisher M. Sources of and Solutions to Toxic Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Small Rural Drinking Water Systems: A Rapid Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(19):7076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197076
Chicago/Turabian StyleTracy, J. Wren, Amy Guo, Kaida Liang, Jamie Bartram, and Michael Fisher. 2020. "Sources of and Solutions to Toxic Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Small Rural Drinking Water Systems: A Rapid Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19: 7076. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197076