The Psychological Process of Residents’ Acceptance of Local Shale Gas Exploitation in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Framework
2.1. Perceived Fairness
2.2. Knowledge
2.3. Trust
2.4. Perceived Benefits and Perceived Risks
3. Survey Design and Data
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Measures and Materials
3.3. Sample and Data Collection
4. Data Analysis and Results
4.1. Measurement Model Test (Confirmatory Factor Analysis)
4.2. Structural Equation Modeling
4.3. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Item. | x11 | x12 | x13 | x14 | x21 | x22 | x23 | x31 | x32 | x33 | y11 | y12 | y13 | y21 | y22 | y23 | y31 | y32 | y33 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x11 | 1.307 | ||||||||||||||||||
x12 | 0.616 | 0.987 | |||||||||||||||||
x13 | 0.868 | 0.856 | 1.882 | ||||||||||||||||
x14 | 0.863 | 0.788 | 1.155 | 1.886 | |||||||||||||||
x21 | 0.155 | 0.065 | 0.216 | 0.135 | 1.890 | ||||||||||||||
x22 | 0.312 | 0.343 | 0.397 | 0.302 | 1.361 | 1.969 | |||||||||||||
x23 | 0.166 | 0.115 | 0.127 | 0.069 | 1.091 | 1.171 | 1.876 | ||||||||||||
x31 | 0.143 | 0.183 | 0.235 | 0.225 | 0.032 | 0.152 | 0.090 | 1.192 | |||||||||||
x32 | 0.144 | 0.220 | 0.260 | 0.198 | 0.082 | 0.122 | 0.055 | 0.716 | 1.257 | ||||||||||
x33 | 0.146 | 0.192 | 0.204 | 0.177 | 0.101 | 0.159 | 0.142 | 0.599 | 0.595 | 0.958 | |||||||||
y11 | −0.290 | −0.362 | −0.457 | −0.415 | 0.286 | 0.317 | 0.229 | −0.363 | −0.377 | −0.305 | 1.643 | ||||||||
y12 | −0.374 | −0.432 | −0.551 | −0.599 | 0.318 | 0.319 | 0.257 | −0.358 | −0.415 | −0.234 | 1.169 | 1.960 | |||||||
y13 | −0.268 | −0.296 | −0.315 | −0.364 | 0.279 | 0.272 | 0.234 | −0.295 | −0.374 | −0.319 | 0.967 | 1.028 | 1.165 | ||||||
y21 | 0.246 | 0.249 | 0.304 | 0.339 | 0.039 | 0.136 | 0.030 | 0.268 | 0.182 | 0.219 | −0.268 | −0.221 | −0.215 | 0.953 | |||||
y22 | 0.247 | 0.247 | 0.344 | 0.336 | 0.061 | 0.164 | 0.050 | 0.184 | 0.163 | 0.177 | −0.175 | −0.137 | −0.155 | 0.605 | 0.987 | ||||
y23 | 0.369 | 0.327 | 0.424 | 0.387 | 0.092 | 0.199 | 0.100 | 0.347 | 0.206 | 0.287 | −0.345 | −0.239 | −0.249 | 0.847 | 0.819 | 1.826 | |||
y31 | 0.222 | 0.197 | 0.265 | 0.249 | −0.042 | −0.073 | −0.112 | 0.191 | 0.122 | 0.164 | −0.263 | −0.373 | −0.309 | 0.356 | 0.327 | 0.468 | 1.039 | ||
y32 | 0.272 | 0.245 | 0.297 | 0.316 | −0.025 | −0.065 | −0.031 | 0.220 | 0.127 | 0.165 | −0.306 | −0.393 | −0.349 | 0.370 | 0.371 | 0.473 | 0.864 | 1.215 | |
y33 | 0.220 | 0.219 | 0.243 | 0.281 | −0.087 | −0.106 | −0.126 | 0.081 | 0.060 | 0.104 | −0.210 | −0.371 | −0.258 | 0.321 | 0.333 | 0.421 | 0.819 | 0.900 | 1.357 |
Item | x11 | x12 | x13 | x14 | x21 | x22 | x23 | x31 | x32 | x33 | y11 | y12 | y13 | y21 | y22 | y23 | y31 | y32 | y33 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x11 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
x12 | 0.542 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
x13 | 0.553 | 0.628 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
x14 | 0.550 | 0.577 | 0.613 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
x21 | 0.099 | 0.047 | 0.115 | 0.072 | 1 | ||||||||||||||
x22 | 0.195 | 0.246 | 0.206 | 0.157 | 0.706 | 1 | |||||||||||||
x23 | 0.106 | 0.084 | 0.068 | 0.037 | 0.579 | 0.609 | 1 | ||||||||||||
x31 | 0.115 | 0.169 | 0.157 | 0.150 | 0.022 | 0.100 | 0.060 | 1 | |||||||||||
x32 | 0.112 | 0.198 | 0.169 | 0.129 | 0.053 | 0.077 | 0.036 | 0.585 | 1 | ||||||||||
x33 | 0.131 | 0.197 | 0.152 | 0.131 | 0.075 | 0.116 | 0.106 | 0.561 | 0.542 | 1 | |||||||||
y11 | −0.198 | −0.284 | −0.260 | −0.236 | 0.162 | 0.176 | 0.131 | −0.259 | −0.262 | −0.243 | 1 | ||||||||
y12 | −0.234 | −0.311 | −0.287 | −0.312 | 0.165 | 0.163 | 0.134 | −0.234 | −0.265 | −0.171 | 0.651 | 1 | |||||||
y13 | −0.217 | −0.276 | −0.213 | −0.246 | 0.188 | 0.179 | 0.158 | −0.250 | −0.310 | −0.302 | 0.699 | 0.680 | 1 | ||||||
y21 | 0.220 | 0.257 | 0.227 | 0.253 | 0.029 | 0.100 | 0.023 | 0.251 | 0.166 | 0.229 | −0.214 | −0.162 | −0.204 | 1 | |||||
y22 | 0.217 | 0.251 | 0.253 | 0.247 | 0.045 | 0.117 | 0.037 | 0.170 | 0.146 | 0.182 | −0.138 | −0.099 | −0.144 | 0.624 | 1 | ||||
y23 | 0.239 | 0.243 | 0.229 | 0.209 | 0.050 | 0.105 | 0.054 | 0.235 | 0.136 | 0.217 | −0.199 | −0.126 | −0.171 | 0.642 | 0.610 | 1 | |||
y31 | 0.190 | 0.194 | 0.190 | 0.178 | −0.030 | −0.051 | −0.081 | 0.172 | 0.107 | 0.164 | −0.201 | −0.262 | −0.281 | 0.358 | 0.323 | 0.340 | 1 | ||
y32 | 0.216 | 0.223 | 0.197 | 0.209 | −0.016 | −0.042 | −0.020 | 0.183 | 0.103 | 0.153 | −0.216 | −0.255 | −0.293 | 0.344 | 0.339 | 0.318 | 0.769 | 1 | |
y33 | 0.165 | 0.189 | 0.152 | 0.176 | −0.054 | −0.065 | −0.079 | 0.064 | 0.046 | 0.091 | −0.141 | −0.228 | −0.206 | 0.282 | 0.288 | 0.267 | 0.689 | 0.701 | 1 |
Regression Weights | Unstandardized Estimate | Standardized Estimate | Standard Error | Critical Ratio | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1←E1 | −0.517 | −0.397 | 0.052 | −9.979 | 0.000 |
K2←E1 | 0.336 | 0.347 | 0.042 | 8.090 | 0.000 |
K1←E2 | 0.338 | 0.358 | 0.035 | 9.581 | 0.000 |
K2←E2 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.028 | 0.439 | 0.660 |
K1←E3 | −0.447 | −0.361 | 0.049 | −9.139 | 0.000 |
K2←E3 | 0.232 | 0.251 | 0.039 | 5.947 | 0.000 |
K3←K1 | −0.205 | −0.243 | 0.032 | −6.398 | 0.000 |
K3←K2 | 0.468 | 0.413 | 0.045 | 10.515 | 0.000 |
x11←E1 | 1 | 0.704 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
x12←E1 | 0.959 | 0.776 | 0.049 | 19.48 | 0.000 |
x13←E1 | 1.359 | 0.797 | 0.068 | 19.839 | 0.000 |
x14←E1 | 1.302 | 0.763 | 0.067 | 19.377 | 0.000 |
x21←E2 | 1 | 0.807 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
x22←E2 | 1.108 | 0.876 | 0.049 | 22.492 | 0.000 |
x23←E2 | 0.866 | 0.702 | 0.042 | 20.389 | 0.000 |
x31←E3 | 1 | 0.775 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
x32←E3 | 0.992 | 0.749 | 0.055 | 18.151 | 0.000 |
x33←E3 | 0.839 | 0.726 | 0.047 | 17.749 | 0.000 |
y11←K1 | 1 | 0.814 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
y12←K1 | 1.079 | 0.804 | 0.045 | 24.231 | 0.000 |
y13←K1 | 0.888 | 0.857 | 0.034 | 25.745 | 0.000 |
y21←K2 | 1 | 0.808 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
y22←K2 | 0.966 | 0.766 | 0.045 | 21.484 | 0.000 |
y23←K2 | 1.344 | 0.784 | 0.061 | 21.983 | 0.000 |
y31←K3 | 1 | 0.871 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
y32←K3 | 1.097 | 0.884 | 0.037 | 30.022 | 0.000 |
y33←K3 | 1.032 | 0.786 | 0.039 | 26.657 | 0.000 |
Construct | Partial Indirect Effect Via Perceived Risks | Partial Indirect Effect Via Perceived Benefits | Total Indirect Effect | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | Lower | Upper | p-Value | Estimate | Lower | Upper | p-Value | Estimate | Lower | Upper | p-Value | |
Fairness | 0.106 | 0.075 | 0.145 | 0.001 | 0.158 | 0.120 | 0.206 | 0.001 | 0.264 | 0.220 | 0.316 | 0.001 |
Knowledge | −0.069 | −0.093 | −0.048 | 0.001 | 0.006 | −0.017 | 0.027 | 0.701 | −0.064 | −0.096 | −0.033 | 0.001 |
Trust | 0.092 | 0.065 | 0.124 | 0.001 | 0.109 | 0.076 | 0.146 | 0.001 | 0.200 | 0.161 | 0.249 | 0.001 |
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Perceived Fairness In Energy Policy Decisions (denoted as Fairness, E1) |
I think residents who bear the risks of SGE have received proper compensation (x11). I feel SGE has a transparent and explicit procedure to mitigate the potential risks (x12). I believe residents’ concerns will be taken seriously by decision-makers (x13). I know there are effective ways to raise my concerns about SGE (x14). Relevant references: King and Murphy [49] and Schlosberg [28]. |
Knowledge of SGE’s Environmental Impacts (Denoted as Knowledge, E2) |
I feel well-informed about the possible environmental impacts of SGE (x21). I have got enough information to have an opinion on SGE’s environmental impacts (x22). I understand the environmental impacts of SGE in the news (x23). Relevant references: Costa-Font and Gil [50] and Costa et al. [35]. |
Trust in Scientists and Authorities (Denoted as Trust, E3) |
I trust the information given by scientists and authorities (x31). I have confidence in scientists and authorities that they can adequately assess risk for humans and the environment (x32). I believe scientists and authorities would inform the public if a severe danger is posed by SGE (x33). Relevant references: Huijts et al. [23] and Wallquist et al. [51]. |
Perceived SGE’s Risks to Communities (Denoted as Risk, K1) |
I am trouble by the environmental impacts, such as water pollution and earthquakes (y11). I am worried about the potential hazard to human health (y12). I think our current regulations are not sufficient to prevent the risks associated with hydraulic fracturing (y13). Relevant references: Brasier et al. [52], Costa et al. [35], and Wallquist et al. [51]. |
Perceived SGE’s Benefits to Communities (Denoted as Benefit, K2) |
I am convinced that SGE provides job and income opportunities for residents (y21). I realize that SGE facilitates local infrastructure construction (y22). I feel residents’ sense of community pride has been enhanced (y23). Relevant references: Brasier et al. [52] and Evensen et al. [53]. |
Acceptance of Local SGE (Denoted as Acceptance, K3) |
I accept SGE in FSGF (y31). I agree that SGE activities can continue in the future (y32). I support expanding SGE areas in FSGF (y33). Relevant references: Evensen et al. [53]. |
Socio-Demographics |
Age of the surveyed respondent. Gender of the surveyed respondent. Average personal annual income (with the units of Chinese yuan: less than 3000 = 1, (3000, 6000) = 2, (6000, 9000) = 3, (9000, 12,000) = 4, (12,000, 15,000) = 5, (15,000, 18,000) = 6, and above 18,000 = 7. Education level of the respondent: Primary school or below = 1, junior high school = 2, senior high school = 3, and college degree or above = 4. Household location: first-phase construction area = 1 and second-phase construction area = 0. |
Construct | Indicator | Mean | Std. Dev. | Std. Load. | Assessment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fairness (E1) | x11 | 2.297 | 1.315 | 0.712 | α = 0.839 CR = 0.846 AVE = 0.579 |
x12 | 1.750 | 0.796 | 0.754 | ||
x13 | 2.823 | 1.461 | 0.798 | ||
x14 | 3.101 | 1.477 | 0.737 | ||
Knowledge (E2) | x21 | 3.172 | 1.642 | 0.844 | α = 0.837 CR = 0.840 AVE = 0.637 |
x22 | 3.284 | 1.635 | 0.84 | ||
x23 | 2.787 | 1.618 | 0.707 | ||
Trust (E3) | x31 | 3.935 | 0.919 | 0.757 | α = 0.793 CR = 0.795 AVE = 0.564 |
x32 | 3.445 | 0.981 | 0.751 | ||
x33 | 2.427 | 1.384 | 0.738 | ||
Risk (K1) | y11 | 3.314 | 1.461 | 0.825 | α = 0.855 CR = 0.863 AVE = 0.677 |
y12 | 2.964 | 1.591 | 0.794 | ||
y13 | 3.686 | 1.054 | 0.769 | ||
Benefit (K2) | y21 | 3.775 | 0.802 | 0.805 | α = 0.820 CR = 0.834 AVE = 0.626 |
y22 | 4.068 | 0.999 | 0.779 | ||
y23 | 3.076 | 1.552 | 0.712 | ||
Acceptance (K3) | y31 | 4.155 | 0.853 | 0.891 | α = 0.883 CR = 0.886 AVE = 0.722 |
y32 | 3.961 | 0.920 | 0.838 | ||
y33 | 3.778 | 1.111 | 0.839 |
Research Hypothesis | Unstandardized Path Coefficient | Standardized Path Coefficient | p-Values | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|
H1: K1←E1 | −0.517 | −0.397 | 0.000 | Supported |
H2: K2←E1 | 0.336 | 0.347 | 0.000 | Supported |
H3: K1←E2 | 0.338 | 0.358 | 0.000 | Supported |
H4: K2←E2 | 0.012 | 0.017 | 0.660 | Not Supported |
H5: K1←E3 | −0.447 | −0.361 | 0.000 | Supported |
H6: K2←E3 | 0.232 | 0.251 | 0.000 | Supported |
H7: K3←K1 | −0.205 | −0.243 | 0.000 | Supported |
H8: K3←K2 | 0.468 | 0.413 | 0.000 | Supported |
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Yao, L.; Sui, D.; Liu, X.; Fan, H. The Psychological Process of Residents’ Acceptance of Local Shale Gas Exploitation in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186736
Yao L, Sui D, Liu X, Fan H. The Psychological Process of Residents’ Acceptance of Local Shale Gas Exploitation in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(18):6736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186736
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Liuyang, Dangchen Sui, Xiaotong Liu, and Hui Fan. 2020. "The Psychological Process of Residents’ Acceptance of Local Shale Gas Exploitation in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6736. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186736