What Protective Health Measures Are Americans Taking in Response to COVID-19? Results from the COVID Impact Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Settings
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Primary Outcome |
COVID-19 measure counts |
Sum of “Yes” indications across M1–M19 relating to COVID-19 measures taken |
Exposures |
Insurance |
“Yes” if any of PHYS9A–PHYS9H were “Yes, otherwise “No” (relating to insurance types respondents have) |
Plans having been changed over past 7 days |
Sum of “Yes” indications across ECON8A–ECON8S relating to instances in which plans have been changed |
Sought financial aid over past 7 days |
Sum of all indications across ECON6A–ECON6L relating to applying for aid or trying to apply for aid |
Flu-like symptoms over past 7 days |
Sum of “Yes” indications from PHYS1A–PHYS1Q relating to flu-like symptoms |
Interest in COVID-19 management measures |
Converted PHYS10A–PHYS10E into 5 point scale: “Extremely likely” to 5 and “Not likely at all” to 1, then averaged |
Mental health issues over past 7 days |
Converted SOC5A—SOC5E into 4 point scale: “5–7 days” to 4 and “not at all or less than 1 day” to 1, then averaged |
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Total | 25,269 1 (100.00%) |
---|---|
Age (years) | |
18 to 29 | 3226 1 (20.79) 2 |
30–44 | 6117 (27.13) |
45–59 | 5981 (23.06) |
60+ | 9942 (29.01) |
Gender | |
Male | 11,070 (48.73) |
Female | 14,186 (51.27) |
Race and Ethnicity | |
Non-Hispanic White | 15,985 (49.77) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 2290 (11.42) |
Hispanic | 2258 (23.03) |
Non-Hispanic Other | 1789 (9.69) |
Unknown 3 | 2947 (6.10) |
Household Income | |
Under $10,000 | 1283 (8.63) |
$10,000 to under $20,000 | 1809 (9.54) |
$20,000 to under $30,000 | 2360 (12.03) |
$30,000 to under $40,000 | 2240 (9.50) |
$40,000 to under $50,000 | 1942 (8.08) |
$50,000 to under $75,000 | 4526 (16.09) |
$75,000 to under $100,000 | 3568 (12.19) |
$100,000 to under $150,000 | 3866 (12.13) |
$150,000 or more | 3055 (9.75) |
Unknown | 620 (2.06) |
Education | |
No high school diploma | 885 (9.83) |
High school graduate or equivalent | 3263 (28.65) |
Some college | 7828 (30.26) |
BA or above | 13,254 (31.26) |
Household Size | |
One person (I live by myself) | 7711 (28.15) |
Two persons | 8860 (30.10) |
Three persons | 3514 (15.82) |
Four persons | 2638 (12.10) |
Five persons | 1295 (7.00) |
Six or more persons | 1203 (6.83) |
Population Density | |
Rural | 1445 (4.15) |
Suburban | 3990 (12.96) |
Urban | 19,829 (82.88) |
Region | |
Northeast | 3055 (13.52) |
Midwest | 7036 (14.71) |
South | 8161 (38.36) |
West | 7017 (33.40) |
Insurance | |
No | 1805 (13.31) |
Yes | 23,464 (86.69) |
Total | 25,269 1 |
---|---|
Overall Self-Reported Health | |
Excellent | 4992 1 (20.25) 2 |
Very good | 10,443 (38.80) |
Good | 6880 (28.34) |
Fair | 2404 (10.01) |
Poor | 522 (2.60) |
COVID-19 positive | |
Yes | 181 (0.84) |
No | 24,899 (98.04) |
Unknown 3 | 189 (1.12) |
COVID-19 positive of someone living with | |
Yes | 175 (0.98) |
No | 24,714 (97.22) |
Unknown | 380 (1.79) |
COVID-19 or respiratory illness death of family member or close friend since 1 March 2020 | |
Yes | 1121 (5.27) |
No | 23,621 (92.13) |
Unknown | 527 (2.60) |
Plans having been changed due to COVID-19 4 mean (SD) | 6.89 (4.42) |
Sought financial aid during COVID-19 4 mean (SD) | 1.07 (1.49) |
Flu-like symptoms during COVID-19 4 mean (SD) | 2.12 (2.45) |
Interest in COVID-19 management measures 5 mean (SD) | 2.98 (1.14) |
Mental health issues during COVID-19 5 mean (SD) | 1.51 (0.64) |
Diabetic | |
Yes | 2803 (11.15) |
No | 21,769 (85.43) |
Unknown | 697 (3.41) |
High blood pressure or Hypertension | |
Yes | 8434 (29.53) |
No | 16,114 (66.59) |
Unknown | 721 (3.89) |
Heart disease, heart attack, or stroke | |
Yes | 2036 (6.77) |
No | 22,435 (89.38) |
Unknown | 798 (3.85) |
Asthma | |
Yes | 3429 (13.61) |
No | 21,078 (82.54) |
Unknown | 762 (3.85) |
Chronic lung disease or COPD | |
Yes | 1036 (4.09) |
No | 23,631 (93.04) |
Unknown | 602 (2.87) |
Bronchitis or emphysema | |
Yes | 2905 (10.41) |
No | 21,777 (86.69) |
Unknown | 587 (2.89) |
Allergies | |
Yes | 11,227 (41.42) |
No | 13,327 (55.21) |
Unknown | 715 (3.37) |
Mental health condition | |
Yes | 4062 (15.09) |
No | 20,460 (80.92) |
Unknown | 747 (3.99) |
Cystic fibrosis | |
Yes | 74 (0.50) |
No | 24,807 (97.24) |
Unknown | 388 (2.25) |
Liver disease or end stage liver disease | |
Yes | 327 (1.39) |
No | 24,559 (96.62) |
Unknown | 383 (1.99) |
Cancer | |
Yes | 2344 (6.40) |
No | 22,443 (91.14) |
Unknown | 482 (2.46) |
Compromised immune system | |
Yes | 1858 (6.62) |
No | 22,713 (89.97) |
Unknown | 698 (3.41) |
Overweight or obese | |
Yes | 8250 (30.12) |
No | 16,469 (66.91) |
Unknown | 550 (2.97) |
Variables | April Adjusted IRR 2 (95% CI) | May Adjusted IRR 2 (95% CI) | June Adjusted IRR 2 (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | |||
18 to 29 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
30–44 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | 1.03 (1.00 3, 1.06) |
45–59 | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) |
60+ | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | 1.03 (1.00 3, 1.06) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) |
Gender | |||
Male | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Female | 1.08 (1.06, 1.09) | 1.12 (1.10, 1.14) | 1.09 (1.07, 1.11) |
Race and Ethnicity | |||
Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) |
Hispanic | 1.09 (1.07, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | 1.06 (1.03, 1.08) |
Non-Hispanic Other | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 1.06 (1.03, 1.09) |
Household income | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.02) |
Education | |||
No high school diploma | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
High school graduate or equivalent | 1.08 (1.04, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) |
Some college | 1.10 (1.07, 1.14) | 1.03 (1.00 3, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) |
BA or above | 1.16 (1.12, 1.20) | 1.11 (1.07, 1.14) | 1.09 (1.05, 1.13) |
Household size | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) | 1.01 (1.00 3, 1.01) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) |
Population density | |||
Urban | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Suburban | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00 3) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) |
Rural | 1.02 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) |
Region | |||
South | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Northeast | 1.02 (1.00 3, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) |
Midwest | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00 3) | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00 3) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) |
West | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) |
Insurance | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.15 (1.12, 1.18) | 1.08 (1.05, 1.11) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.12) |
High blood pressure or Hypertension | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.02 (1.00 3, 1.04) |
Asthma | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) |
Chronic lung disease or COPD | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.04 (1.00 3, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) |
A mental health condition | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) |
A compromised immune system | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.10 (1.06, 1.13) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.11) |
Overweight or obese | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | 1.02 (1.00 3, 1.04) |
COVID-19 positive diagnosis | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.00 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.18 (1.09, 1.28) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) |
COVID-19/respiratory illness death of friend or close friend since March 1, 2020 | |||
No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Yes | 1.04 (1.00 3, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 1.16 (1.11, 1.20) |
Plans having been changed due to COVID-19 | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.02, 1.02) |
Mental health issues during COVID-19 | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.07) | 1.07 (1.05, 1.08) |
R 2 | 20% | 19% | 17% |
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Share and Cite
Qeadan, F.; Akofua Mensah, N.; Tingey, B.; Bern, R.; Rees, T.; Talboys, S.; Pal Singh, T.; Lacey, S.; Shoaf, K. What Protective Health Measures Are Americans Taking in Response to COVID-19? Results from the COVID Impact Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176295
Qeadan F, Akofua Mensah N, Tingey B, Bern R, Rees T, Talboys S, Pal Singh T, Lacey S, Shoaf K. What Protective Health Measures Are Americans Taking in Response to COVID-19? Results from the COVID Impact Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176295
Chicago/Turabian StyleQeadan, Fares, Nana Akofua Mensah, Benjamin Tingey, Rona Bern, Tracy Rees, Sharon Talboys, Tejinder Pal Singh, Steven Lacey, and Kimberley Shoaf. 2020. "What Protective Health Measures Are Americans Taking in Response to COVID-19? Results from the COVID Impact Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176295